606.1 
P21Mi 
cop.  2 


606.1 
P21M1 
cop.  2 


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. 

I ^-L  _ 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 


AND  THE 


MIYERSAL  EXPOSITIOI  OE  1867, 


PAKIS,  FRANCE. 


REPORT  OF  JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS,  ^ 

DELEGATE  FROM  THE  ILLINOIS  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY,  AND  COM- 
MISSIONER FOR  THE  STATE. 


SPRIJSTGFIELD : 

STATE  JOURNAL  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1868. 


ILLINOIS  STATE  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY, 


OFFICERS  FOR  1865  AND  1866. 


EXECUTIVE  COIMIMITTEE 

A.  B.  MoCONNELL,  Peesident 

WILLIAM  H.  VAN  EPPS,  Ex-Peesident .V.V.  . .V. ......  * 

JOHN  WENTWORTH,  Vioe-Peesident,  for  the  State  at  large 

GEORGE  W.  GAGE,  Vioe-Peesidbnt  Ist  Disteiot 


R.  P.  LANE,  “ 2» 

CHAS.  H.  ROSENSTIEL,  “ 3d 

GRAHAM  LEE,  “ 4th 

WILLIAM  A.  PENNELL,  “ 5th 

O.  B.  GALUSHA,  “ 6th 

J.  H.  PICKRELL,  “ 7th 

G.  W.  MINIER,  “ 8th 

JOHN  LASBURY,  “ 9th 

D.  D.  SHUMWAY,  “ 10th 

A.  J.  PEARCY,  “ 11th 

S.  B.  CHANDLER,  “ 12th 

H.  S.  OZBURN,  “ 13th 


EOAED  OE  COUXSELOR,S, 

JAMES  N.  BROWN,  1st  Ex-Peesident 

H.  C.  JOHNS,  2d  “ 

C.  W.  WEBSTER,  3d  “ 

LEWIS  ELLSWORTH,  4th  “ 

JOHN  W.  BUNN,  Teeasuebe 

JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS,  CoEEESPONDiNG  AND  Reooeding  Seoeetaey 


.Springfield. 

.Dixon. 

. Chicago. 

.Chicago, 

.Rockford. 

.Freepdrt. 

.Hamlet. 

. Granville. 
.Lisbon. 

. Harristown. 
.Mackinaw. 
.Griggsville. 
.Taylorville. 

. Centralia. 
.Belleville. 
.Pinckneyville. 


.Berlin. 

.Decatur. 

.Salem. 

.Naperville. 

.Springfield. 

.Springfield. 


OFFICERS  for’  1867-8, 


EXECXJTIVE  COMMITTEE. 


A.  B.  MoCONNELL,  Peesident Springfield,  Sangamon  Connty. 

W.  H.  VAN  EPPS,  Ex-Peesident Dixon,  Lee  County. 

VI0E-PEE8IDENT8  POE  DISTEIOTS: 


At  Large— H.  D.  EMERY Chicago. 

1—  GEO.  W.  GAGE Chicago. 

2 —  MOSES  DEAN Sycamore. 

3—  C.  H.  ROSENTIEL Freeport. 

4—  GRAHAM  LEE Hamlet. 

5 —  E.  H.  CLAPP Rome  Farms. 

6.— O.  B.  GALUSHA Lisbon. 


JOHN  W.  BUNN,  Teeasueee 

JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS,  Seoeetaey, 


7—  WILLIAM  KILE Paris. 

8—  DAVID  A.  BROWN Bates. 

9—  JOHN  H.  SPEARS Tallulah 

10—  D.  D.  SHUMWAY Taylorville. 

11— URIAL  MILLS Salem. 

12—  D.  B.  GILLHAM Alton. 

13—  H.  S.  OZBURN Pinckneyville. 


Springfield. 

Springfield. 


;2_ 

PALACE  AND 


AuS 


PARK— EXPLANATION  OF  THE  MAP. 


A.  France. 

B.  The  Low  Countries. 

C.  Belgium. 

D.  Prussia  and  the  North 

German  States. 

E.  Hesse,  Baden,  Wurtem- 

burg  and  Bavaria. 

F.  Austria. 

G.  Switzerland. 

H.  Spain. 


NATIONS  EXHIBITING. 

I.  Portugal. 

J.  Greece. 

K.  Denmark. 

L.  Sweden  and  Norway. 

M.  Russia. 

N.  Italy. 

O.  Pontifical  States. 

P.  Roumanian  (Danubian) 

Principalities. 

Q.  Turkey. 


R.  Egypt. 

S.  China,  Japan  and  Siam. 

T.  Persia. 

W.  Tunis  and  Morocco. 

V.  United  States,  N.  A. 

X.  Brazil,  American  Re- 

publics and  Hawaii. 

Y.  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 

land and  Colonies. 


PALACE. 

Starting  from  the  Central  Pavilion  in  the  Jardin  Central  (Central  Garden)  are 
encountered  successively: 

Gallery  I.  Oeuvres  d’  Art — Works  of  Art. 

GaRery  II.  Materiel  des  Arts  Liberaux — Material  of  the  Liberal  Arts. 

Gallery  III.  Mobilier — Furniture. 

Gallery  IV.  Yetement — Clothing. 

Gallery  Y.  Matieres  Premieres — Raw  Materials,  Minerals,  etc. 

Gallery  YI.  Travaux  des  Arts  usuels — Operations  of  the  common  arts. 
Gallery  YII.  Aliments  et  Boissons — Foods  and  Drinks. 

J^^The  Galleries  refer  to  and  correspond  in  number  with  the  Groups ; the  Roman 
numerals  (in  the  Palace)  to  the  regular  cl^^ses.  See  classification  pp.  26  to  — 


PARK. 

On  the  right  next  to  the  Seine. 


France. 

1.  Equestrian  Statue  of  Charlemagne. 

2.  Ch6,let  of  the  Imperial  Commission. 

3.  Portable  Engine. 

4.  Steam  Generators. 

6.  Model  of  Marley’s  Machine. 

6.  Apparatus  for  heating. 

'7.  Photometrical  apparatus. 

8.  Machines  for  paper. 

9.  Civil  Engineering  and  Public  Works. 

10.  Railway  Material. 

11.  Bakery. 

12.  Machine  tools. 

13.  General  Mechanics. 

14.  Products  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy. 

15.  Processes  of  heating  and  lighting. 

16.  Exposition  of  the  Creusot.  (M.  Schnei- 

der & Co.) 

17.  Steam  Bakery,  civil  and  military. 

18.  Exhibition  of  the  Minister  of  War. 

19.  International  Benevolent  Society. 

20.  Workshops  of  Photography 

21  Porcelains  and  ceramic  products. 

22.  Pumps. 

23.  Light  house. 

24.  Church  and  exhibition  of  religious 

art. 

25.  Beton  agglomere — Artificial  stone. 

26  Gasometer. 

27.  Cabinets  of  Metallurgy. 

28.  Monumental  fountains. 


29.  Smoke  consumers. 

30.  Manufacture  of  Stearine. 

31.  Society  for  the  protection  of  animals. 

32.  Wind-mills. 

33.  Workshop  bf  Photosculpture. 

34.  Imperial  Pavilion. 

35.  Exhibition  of  glass  windows. 

36.  Model  of  an  Infant  Asylum. 

37.  Tools  for  the  fabrication  of  furniture. 

38.  Cabinet  of  electro-metallurgy. 

39.  House  for  female  laborers. 

40.  Steam  generators. 

41.  House  of  cheap  construction. 

42.  Workmen’s  Lodging  house. 

43.  Exhibition  of  timber  in  logs. 

44.  Water-works. 

45.  Chime  of  bells. 

46.  Photics. 

47.  Model  of  cottage. 

48.  Dwelling  for  Paris  workmen. 

49.  Typographical  presses. 

60.  Steam  generators. 

61.  Exhibition  of  Millstones, 

62.  Refrigerators. 

63.  Silks  and  cassimeres. 

64.  Chocolate  manufacture. 

65.  Machine  for  working  leather. 

56.  Machine  to  scour  wool. 

67.  Glass  works. 

68.  Laundry. 

59.  Portable  engine  and  telodynamic  cable 


IV 


60.  Enamelled  pottery.  63.  Roof  of  Chateau  of  Pierrefonds. 

61.  Plating  by  galvanism.  (Galvano  plas-  64.  Dome  of  hammered  copper, 

tic.)  65.  Calvary. 

62.  Electric  light  house. 


MARITIME  EXPOSITION, 


66. 

67. 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 

76. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

80. 
81. 
82. 

73. 

84. 


85. 

86. 

87. 

88. 


89. 

90. 

91. 

92. 

93. 

94. 
96. 


On  the  banks 

Human  Aquarium. 

Pleasure  boats. 

Harbor  light. 

Signal  mast. 

Marine  machines. 

Marine  machines,  Great  Britain. 
Pumps. 

Exhibition  of  ships’  boats. 
Restaurants. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Apparatus  for  heating  and  lighting. 
Light  house. 

Munitions  of  war — Private  exhibitors. 
Minister  of  war. 

Hospital  barracks. 

Steam  generators. 

Perfume  manufactory 
Annex  for  Agricultural  Machinery. 
United  States. 

American  Cottage. 

Common-school  house,  furthest  from 
the  Palace  and  the  “Red,  White  and* 
Blue”  nearest. 

Not  used. 

Louisiana  cottage. 

Boston  bakery. 

Annex  for  sewing  machines,  locomo- 
tives, etc.,  etc. 

Evangelical  Missions. 

Pavilion  of  the  Bible  Society. 
Exhibition  Hall. 

Evangelical  Hall. 

Bibles  and  Hebrew  antiquities. 

Sale  of  popular  publications. 

Mexico. 

Temple  of  Xochicalco. 

Morocco^ 

Pavilion. 


of  the  Seine. 

Danubian  Principalities, 

96.  Exhibition  pavilion. 

Isthmus  of  Suez. 

97.  Exhibition  of  the  canal  works. 
Turkey. 

98.  Mosques. 

99.  Baths. 

100.  Fountains. 

101.  House  of  Libania. 

Egypt. 

102.  Temple  of  Edfou. 

103.  Okel ; Egyptian  Cafe. 

104.  Salamlick,  Palace  of  the  Vice-Roy. 

105.  Stables  for  dromedaries. 

Siam. 

106.  Exhibition  pavilion. 

China. 

107.  Sale  of  Tea  and  Theatre . 

Japan. 

108.  Pavilion. 

Tunis. 

109.  Pavilion  of  the  Bey  of  Tunis. 

Italy, 

110.  Portable  engine. 

111.  Concert  hall. 

112.  Agricultural  products. 

113.  Bureau;  Hand-work. 

114.  Catacombs  of  Rome. 

115.  Steam  generators. 

Divers  structures. 

116.  Conference  hall. 

117.  Concert  hall. 

118.  Police  station. 

119.  Vestiary, 

120.  Booth  for  sale  of  tobacco. 

121.  Wheeled  chairs. 


PARK, 


Left  side  nearest  to  I’Ecole  Militaire. 


France. 

122.  Statue  of  Don  Pedro  I. 

123.  Exhibition  of  water  filters. 

124.  Steam  generators. 

126  Annex  for  carriage  work. 

126.  Exhibition  of  window  blinds. 

127.  Farm  house.  (Dep’t  Seine  et  Marne.) 

128.  Poultry  yard. 

129.  Mushroom  beds. 

130.  Grand  restaurant. 

131.  Articles  for  Encampment. 

132.  Wine-tasters’  booth. 

133.  Bathing — apparatus  for. 


134.  Cooperage. 

135.  Specimens  of  the  Roquefort  cheese 
cellars. 

136.  Aviary  and  garden  furniture. 

137.  Colt-shed,  poultry-house,  and  other 
farm  structures.  (Marquis  d’Havrin- 
court.) 

138.  Agricultural  Society  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  North. 

139.  Shed  for  local  cultures. 

140.  Bureau  and  store-house  for  contrac- 

tors. 

141.  Agricultural  machinery,  Algeria. 


V 


142.  Material  for  rural  operations. 

143.  Agricultural  machinery. 

144.  Dairies. 

jRmsia. 

146.  Bureau. 

146.  Russian  house,  (Isbah.) 

147.  Pavilion,  (Yourta.) 

148.  Carriage  and  saddler’s  work. 

149.  Stables. 

Switzerland, 

150.  Annex  for  bureau  and  fine  arts. 

161.  Annex  for  agricultural  machines. 

Portugal. 

152.  Exhibition  pavilion. 

Spain. 

163.  Annex. 

154.  Booth  for  sale  of  drinks. 

Axistria. 

165.  Annex  for  agricultural  machinery. 

166.  Timber  from  the  government  forests, 

157.  Exhibition  of  pottery, 

158.  Large  brewery.  {Vienna  Lager.) 

169.  House  of  Lower  Austria. 

160.  House  of  Upper  Austria, 

161.  Bakery. 

162.  Hungarian  house. 

163.  Tyrolean  house. 

Norway. 

164.  Cottage. 

166.  Dwelling  house. 

Denmark^ 

166.  House. 

Sweden. 

167.  House  of  Gustave  Wasa  and  exhi 

bition. 

168.  Steam  generators. 

Wartemherg. 

169.  Annex  for  machinery. 

Hesse. 

170.  Exhibition  of  masonry  in  cement. 
Prussia  and  the  North  German  States. 

171.  School-house,  (Saxony.) 

172.  Agricultural  machines. 

173.  Garden  pavilion. 


174.  Bureau. 

175.  School  house. 

176.  Equestrian  statue  of  the  King  of 

Prussia. 

Bavaria. 

177.  Annex  for  fine  Arts. 

Belgium. 

178.  Annex  for  machinery. 

179.  Annex  for  fine  arts. 

180.  Laborers’  houses. 

181.  Farm  house. 

182.  Annex  for  machines. 

183.  Steam  generators.  ‘ 

184.  Equestrian  statue  of  Charlemagne. 

185.  Equestrian  statue  of  King  Leopold  I. 

The  Low  Countries. 

186.  Shop  for  cutting  diamonds. 

187.  Small  farm. 

188.  Tent  of  the  King.  Artillery. 

, 189.  Annex  for  fine  arts. 

190.  Paintings  on  Porcelains. 

191.  Steam  generators. 

Divers  Constructions. 

192.  Administration  and  Juries  of  the  Ex- 

position. 

193.  Post  and  Telegraph  office. 

194.  Concert  hall. 

195.  Custom  house. 

196.  Police  and  water  stations. 

197.  Vestiaries. 

198.  Booths  for  sale  of  tobacco. 

199.  Chairs  on  wheels. 

Garden. 

. 200.  Pavilion  of  her  Majesty  the  Empress. 

201.  Monumental  green-house  and  tent. 

202.  Maritime  aquarium. 

203.  Aquarium  of  fresh  water. 

204.  Green-houses. 

205.  Kiosques. 

206.  Botanical  diorama. 

207.  Fruits  and  vegetables  on  exhibition. 

208.  Exhibition  of  tree  culture. 

209.  Humming-bird  palace. 

210.  Orchestra. 

211.  Restaurant. 


THE  METRIC  SYSTEM. 


Commercial  relations  among  the  several  nations  of  the  earth  are  daily  becoming 
more  intimate  and  assuming  greater  importance.  Moneys,  weights  and  measures 
form  the  machinery  of  this  vast  intercourse.  The  necessity  for  the  adoption  of  uni- 
form common  standards  seems  to  be  admitted  by  all  eminent  publicists  of  all 
countries,  and  the  tendency  of  liberal  opinion  is  to  conform  to  those  established  by 
France  and  now  in  actual  use  by  larger  commercial  populations  than  any  other. 
In  1864  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain  passed  an  act  permitting  the  use  of  the 
Metric  System  as  to  weights  and  measures  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  By  treaty 


il.- 

, 


in  1865,  France,  Belgium,  Italy  and  Switzerland  agreed  upon  the  French  Metric 
System^  as  the  basis  of  all  subsequent  coinage  of  money.  In  1866  the  Congress  of 
the  United  States  passed  an  act  permitting  the  use  of  the  Metric  System  as  to 
weights  and^  measures,  according  to  values  in  the  following  table,  so  that  all  con- 
tracts, in  which  quantities  are  expressed  by  terms  employed  in  that  system,  are  valid 
for  the  corresponding  quantities  expressed  by  the  terms  in  common  use  : 


MEASUKES  OF  LENGTH. 


METEIO  DENOMINATIONS  AND  VALUES. 

equivalents  in  denominations  in  use. 

Myriameter 

Kilometer 

Hectometer 

Decometer 

Meter 

6.2137  miles. 

feet  and  10  inches. 

828  feet  and  1 inch. 

393.7  inches. 

Decimeter 

oy  .o<  incues. 

Centimeter 

Millimeter  

o.yoT  iiicn68. 

0.3937  inches. 

u.uuy'i  iiiCii6S, 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 


METEIO  DENOMINATIONS  IN  VALUE. 

EQUIVALENTS  IN  DENOMINATIONS  IN  USB. 

2.471  acres. 

119.6  square  yards. 

1550  square  inches. 

MEASURES  OF  CAPACITY. 


METEIO  DENOMINATIONS  AND  VALUES. 

EQUIVALENTS  IN  DENOMINATIONS  IN  USE. 

Names. 

No.  of 
Liters. 

Cubic  Measure. 

-Dry  Measure. 

• Liquid  or  Wine 
Measure 

Kiloliter,  or 

stere 

Hectoliter  .• 

Dekaliter 

Liter 

Deciliter  

Centiliter 

Milliliter 

1.000 

100 

10 

1 

0.1 

0.01 

0.001 

1 cubic  meter 

1.10  of  a cubic  meter. 
10  cubic  decimeters . . . 

1 cubic  decimete  • 

1.10  of  a cubic  deci- 
meter   

10  cubic  centimeters. . 
1 cubic  centimeter. . . 

1.308  cubic  yards 

2 bush,  and  3.35  pecks. . 

9.08  quarts 

0.908  quarts 

0.1022  cubic  inches 

0.0102  cubic  inches 

0.061  cubic  inches 

204.19  gallons. 

20.417  gallons. 

2,0417  gallons. 

1,0507  quarts. 

0.845  gills. 

0.338  fluid  ounces. 
0.27  fluid  drams. 

WEIGHTS. 


METEIO  DENOMINATION  AND  VALUES. 

EQUIVALENTS 

IN  DENOMINATIONS 
IN  USE. 

Names. 

Number 

of 

Grams. 

Weight  of  what  quantity  of  water 
at 

maximum  density. 

Avoirdupois 

Weight. 

Millier  or  Tonneau 

Quintal  

Mvriagram 

Kilogram  or  Kilo 

1,000,000 

100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 

1 

0.1 

0.01 

0.001 

1 cubic  meter 

1 hectoliter 

10  liters 

1 liter 

2204.6  pounds. 
220.46  pounds. 
22.046  pounds. 
2.2046  pounds. 
3..5274  ounces. 
0.3527  ounces. 
15.432  grains. 
T.5432  grains. 
6.1543  grains. 
0.0154  grains. 

Hectogram 

Dekngl-am 

Gram  

Decigiam  

Centigram  

Miligram 

1 deciliter 

10  cubic  centimeters 

1 cubic  centimeter 

I-ICT  of  a cubic  centimeter. . . 

10  cubic  millimeters 

1 cubic  millimeter 

The  French  meter  is  the  unit  of  length,  and  is  the  ten-millionth  part  of  a quarter 
of  a terrestrial  meridian,  as  determined  by  the  highest  authority. 

The  ARE  is  the  unit  of  land  measure,  and  equal  to  100  square  meters. 

^ The  LITER  IS  the  %init  of  liquid  measure,  and  is  equal  to  a cubic  decimeter  of  dis- 
tilled water  at  the  temperature  of  4 degrees  centigrade,  (39  degrees  2 minutes 
Fahrenheit). 

The  GRAMME  is  the  unit  of  weight,  and  is  equal  to  the  weight  of  a cubic  centi- 
meter of  distilled  water. 

The  higher  denominations  are  expressed  in  each  case  by  the  addition  of  the 
Greek  prefixes,  thus ; 


6 V 


c 

a#  L> 


0 z 


DECA-meter  = 10  ipeters. 

HECTO-liter  = 100  liters. 

KiLO-gramme  = 1,000  grammes. 

MYRiA-meter  = 10,000  meters. 

The  sub-multiples  are  expressed  by  the  Latin  prefixes,  thus  : 

DECi-meter  = 0.1  of  a meter. 

CENTi-meter  = 0.01  of  a meter. 

MiLLi-meter  = 0.001  of  a meter. 

In  Land  Measure,  however,  an  exception  occurs ; The  Are  equals  100  square  me- 
ters;  tho  Ifeciare,  its  muitiple  equals  100  ares,  or  10,000  square  meters ; the  Oenliare 
sub-muitiple  of  the  Are,  equals  one  square  meter ; also,  in  the  measurement  of  cord- 
wood,  a sisrs  equais  a cubic  meter;  its  multiple  equals  kn  stereo;  and  its 

sub-mult'ple  decistere  equals  one-tenth  of  a stere. 

The  square  meter  applies  only  to/so^  measure,  and  the 
(juperflcililm_e^snre.(.^^. 


a to 


cubic  meter  only  to 


t 


Monet.— By  the  French  coinage  the  unit  of  money  is  a /mnc,  which  equals  the 
weight  of  five  grammes,  composed  of  835  parts  silver  and  135  parts  alloy,  and 
equals,  also,  18  cents  6 mills.  The  sub-multiple  is  centime,  equal  to  the  0.01  of  a 
franc.  The  following  table  gives  the  United  States  coinage  and  the  French  equiva- 
lents : 


United  States. 

Nickel. 
Half  Cent. 
Cent 


Three  Cents 

Silver. 

Half  Dime — 5 cents 

Dime — 10  cents 

Quarter  Dollar—25  cents. 
Half  Dollar — 50  cents. 
Dollar — 100  cents.. 

, Gold. 

Dollar—100  c^ts 

Quarter  Eagl^2^  dollars. . 

Half  Eagle— 5 dollars 

-10  dollars 

Double  Eagle — 20  dollars. . 
Fifty  Dollars 


French. 
Fr.  C. 
0.02 
0.06 
0.16 


0.26 

0.53 

1.36 

2,65 

5.30 


6 15  5)  r 
12.9(r'‘^; 
25.80  / 

61.65  ' 
103.30 
258.90 


J 


S2,0 


vni 


The  result  of  the  International  Monetary  Conference,  held  during  the  Expo- 
sition, at  which  the  United  States  was  represented  by  Mr.  S.  B.  Buggies,  of  Ne 
York,  are  briefly  stated  in  the  report  of  Mr.  R.  as  follows: 

1.  A single  standard,  exclusively  of  gold. 

2.  Coins  of  equal  weight  and  diameter. 

8 Of  equal  quality,  (or  nine-tenths  fine.  ^ * v 

4 The  Light  of  the  present  five-franc  gold  piece,  1612.90  milligrams,  to  be  the 
unit  with  its  multiples.  [The  weight  of  the  present  gold  dollar  of  the  United 
States  is  1611. 60  milligrams.  The  value  of  the  excess  over  the  five-franc  gold  piece 
(58.60  milligrams)  slightly  exceeds  cents.]  To  encourage  he  reduction  o^he 
United  States  half-eagle  and  of  the  British  sovereign  to  the  value  and  weight  of  25 
francs,  the  Conference  unanimously  recommended  the  issue  of  a new  com  of  that 
weight  and  value  by  France  and  the  other  gold-coining  nations.  The  reduction  m 
vail  of  the  half-eagle  would  slightly  exceed  Hi  cents ; in  the  sovereign  4 ceuts^ 
6.  The  coins  of  each  nation  to  continue  to  bear  the  names  and  emblems  preferred 
by  each,  but  to  be  legal  tenders,  public  and  private,  in  all. 


therm  OMETRIO  SCALES. 

The  constant  use  abroad  of  the  Centigrade  and  Rdamur  thermometric  scales, 
while  the  Fahrenheit  is  the  only  one  in  common  use  here,  I found  a frequent  source 
irembarrassment  and  therefore  insert  the  following  table  of  the  three  scales; 


C. 

lOO 

99 

98 

97 

96 

95 

94 

93 

92 

91 

90 

89 

88 

87 

86 

85 

84 

82 

82 

81 

80 

79 

78 

77 

76 

75 

74 

73 

72 

71 

70 


R. 

80.0 

79.2 

78.4 

77.6 

76.8 

76.0 

75.2 

74.4 

73.6 

72.8 

72.0 

71.2 

70.4 

69.6 

68.8 

68.0 

67.2 

66.4 

65.6 

64.8 

64.0 

63.2 

62.4 

61.6 

60.8 

60.0 

59.2 

68.4 
67.6 
66.8 
56.0 


F. 

212.0 
210.2 
208  4 
206.6 

204.8 
203  0 
201.2 

199.4 

197.6 

195.8 

194.0 

192.2 

190.4 

188.6 

186.8 

186.0 

183.2 

181.4 

179.6 

177.8 

176.0 

174.2 

172.4 

170.6 

168.8 

167.0 

166.2 

163.4 

161.6 
169.8 

158.0 


69 

68 

67 
66 
66 
64 

63 
62 
61 
60 
69 

68 
57 
56 
55 

64 
63 
62 
61 
50 
49 
48 
47 
46 
45 
44 
43 
42 
41 
40 
39 


R. 

56.2 

54.4 

63.6 
.62.8 
62.0 

61.2 

50.4 

49.6 

48.8 

48.0 

47.2 

46.4 

45.6 

44.8 

44.0 
43  2 

42.4 

41.6 

40.8 

40.0 

39.2 

38.4 

37.6 

36.8 

36.0 

35.2 

34.4 

33.6 

32.8 

32.0 

31.2 


156.2 

164.4 

152.6 

150.8 

149.0 

147.2 

145.4 

143.6 

141.8 

140.0 

138.2 
136  4 

134.6 

132.8 

131.0 

129.2 

127.4 

126.6 

123.8 

122.0 

120.2 

118.4 
116.6 

114.8 
113.0 
111.2 

109.4 
107.6 

105.8 
-f-104.0 

*102.2 


Ck 


c. 

R. 

F. 

c. 

R. 

F. 

38 

30.4 

100.4 

7 

6.6 

44.6 

37 

29.6 

98.6 

6 

4.8 

42.8 

36 

28.8 

96.8 

6 

4.0 

41.0 

35 

28.0 

96.0 

4 

3.2 

39.2 

34 

27.2 

93.2 

3 

2.4 

37.4 

33 

26.4 

91.4 

2 

1.6 

36.6 

32 

26.6 

89.6 

1 

0.8 

33.8 

31 

24.8 

87.8 

0 

0.0 

32.0 

30 

24.0 

86.0 

— 1— 

0.8 

30.2 

29 

23.2 

84.2 

— 2— 

1.6 

28  4 

28 

22.4 

82.4 

— 3— 

2.4 

26.6 

27 

21.6 

80.6 

— 4— 

3.2 

24.8 

26 

20.8 

78:8 

— 6— 

4\0 

23.0 

25 

20.0 

77.0 

— 6— 

4.8 

21  % 

24 

19.2 

76.2 

— 7— 

5.6 

19.4 

23 

18.4 

73.4 

— 8— 

6.4 

17.6 

22 

17.6 

71.6 

— 9-^ 

. 7.2 

16.8 

21 

16.8 

69.8 

—10— 

■ 8.0 

14.0 

20 

16.0 

68.0 

—11— 

• 8.8- 

12.2 

19 

15.2 

66.2 

—12— 

■ 9.6 

10.4 

18 

14.4 

)(64.4 

1-13- 

■10.4 

8.6 

17 

13.6 

' 62.6 

—14—11.2 

6 8 

16 

12.8 

60.8 

—15- 

-12.0 

5.0 

15 

12  0 

59.0 

-16- 

-12.8 

3.2 

14 

11.2 

67.2 

—17- 

-13.6 

1.4 

13 

10.4 

/t65.4 

-18- 

-14.4 

0.4 

12 

9.6 

63.6 

-19- 

-16.2- 

— 22 

11 

8.8 

61.8 

—20—16.0—  4.0 

10 

8.0 

60.0 

-21- 

-16.8- 

— 6.8 

9 

7.2 

48  2 

—22- 

-17.6 

— 7.6 

1 8 

6.4 

• 46.4 

-23- 

-18.4 

— 9.4 

x'  --- 

T, 


/6,7- 
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ic^ 


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^<-kc<A 


A, 


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1 L. 


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w’’  CP 

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1 

f 

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r -3  3' 



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4«..  .i.  J-2.  A" 


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ir. 

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View  of  Palace  and  Park  from  the  Trocadero. 


REPORT. 


To  the  Executive  Board 

of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society: 

Gentlemen  : On  the  14th  day  of  February,  1866,  yon  appointed 
me  your  delegate  to  attend  and  report  upon  the  Universal  Expo- 
sition to  be  held  in  Paris,  France,  during  the  year  186Y.  At  the 
same  time,  by  resolution,  you  requested  the  Governor  of  this 
State  to  appoint  and  commission  me  as  the  representative  of  the 
State  on  the  same  occasion ; to  which  request,  when  communicated 
to  him  by  your  President,  Governor  Oglesby  responded  by  issuing 
the  commission  desired,  accompanied  by  a letter  of  instructions. 
Believing  my  duties  in  the  two  positions  would  not  be  inconsistent 
with  each  other,  I accepted  both,  thus,  tendered,  with  grateful 
acknowledgments,  which  I now  beg  to  renew  in  the  first  paragraph 
of  this  report. 

The  obligations  thus  assumed  have  been  discharged  to  the  best 
of  my  humble  ability,  except  that  it  still  remains  to  me  to  com- 
municate the  results  to  you  and  to  the  General  Assembly. 

The  letter  of  instructions  referred  to  above  contemplated  an 
exhibition,  by  the  State  itself,  of  at  least  such  a series  of  the  fos- 
sils and  useful  minerals  of  Illinois  as  should  sufficiently  illustrate 
the  stratigraphical  and  economic  geology  of  the  State,  already  col- 
lected in  duplicate  by  the  State  Geologist.  It  was  soon,  however, 
determined  to  enlarge  the  scope  of  this  exhibit,  and  to  invite 
contributions  from  patriotic  citizens  interested  in  every  depart- 
ment of  Natural  History,  as  well  as  of  Agriculture  and  Industry. 
Accordingly,  as  early  as  the  1st  of  April,  1866,  copies  of  the  fol- 
lowing Circular  were  distributed  throughout  the  State: 


2 


ILmOIS  AW  THE  FHEHCH  UHIYERSAL  EXPOSITION. 

With  the  approval  of  His  Excellency,  Governor  Oglesby,  and  the  Executive  Board  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Society,  it  has  been  determined  to  present  at  the  Exhibition  of  the  Industry  of  All 
Nations,  to  be  held  in  Paris,  France,  in  186T,  the  best  obtainable  collection  of  facts  and  specimens 
illustrating  the  natural  resources  and  elements  of  mineral,  agricultural,  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing wealth  and  prosperity  abounding  in  this  State,  with  a view  to  placing  within  easy  reach 
of  the  better  classes  of  Europeans,  and  in  the  best  possible  form,  some  of  the  evidences  of  the 
superior  advantages  cfl'ered  by  the  State  of  Illinois  as  a place  of  residence,  to  those  who  contem- 
plate becoming  citizens  of  this  Eepublic.  Other  States  have  wisely  established  “Bureaus  of 
Emigration,”  and  their  Commissioners  will  be  present  and  active  during  the  Universal  Exposi- 
tion ; but  it  is  believed  there  is  no  way  in  which  the  minds  of  those  in  Europe  who  are  interested 
in  the  question  of  emigration  to  America  can  be  more  favorably  impressed  than  by  means  ot 
just  such  an  Exhibition  as  the  one  now  proposed,  and  for  which  the  necessary  space  in  the  pal- 
ace has  already  been  secured. 

It  is  earnestly  hoped  that  private  exhibitors,  competing  for  the  prizes  to  be  awarded,  will  fairly 
and  creditably  represent  the  artistic  and  inventive  skill,  as  well  as  the  manufacturing  enterprise, 
of  our  citizens;  and  it  is,  therefore,  intended  to  make  up  the  collection  on  behalf  of  the  State, 
chiefly  of  the  following : , 

Lot  1.  A complete  suite,  correctly  classified  and  labeled,  of  the  minerals  and  fossils  in  pos- 
session of  the  Geological  Survey,  comprising  specimens  from  every  formation  and  from  nearly 
every  county  in  the  State. 

Lot  2.  Distinct  from  the  foregoing,  a full  series  of  samples  of  all  the  useful  minerals* 
choice  building  stone  and  potters’  clays. 

Lot  3.  A collection  illustrating  the  botany  of  the  State,  and  including  samples  of  all  the 
indigenous  woods  and  their  fruits. 

Lot  4.  Samples  of  choice  varieties  of  Indian  corn,  fall  and  spring  wheats,  pasture  and 
meadow  grasses,  hemp  in  the  stalk  and  fibre,  flax  in  the  stalk  and  fibre,  cotton,  wool,  tobacco, 
NATIVE  wines  and  sugar. 

Accompanying  the  collection  there  will  be  the  best  maps  extant,  showing  the  distribution  of 
MINERAL  WEALTH,  the  RAILROAD  SYSTEM,  (complete  aud  projected,)  WATER  COMMUNICATIONS, 
tables  of  statistics,  estimates  of  water  pov/er,  of  mineral  resources,  etc.,  etc.  Also,  copies 
of  Keports  of  the  State  Geologist,  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society,  State  Horticultural 
Society,  Cdicago  Board  of  Trade,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  and  of  the  Adju- 
tant General.  There  will  also  be  added,  if  obtainable,  a well-hound  copy  of  every  Daily, 
Weekly,  Monthly  and  Quarterly  Publication  issued  in  this  State,  and  covering  a period  not 
exceeding  one  year  preceding  the  1st  of  November  next;  all  of  which  books,  maps  and  papers 
will  be  accessible  to  parties  wishing  to  consult  them  during  the  continuance  of  the  Exposition, 
and  at  the  close  exchanged  for  European  publications  of  value  for  the  State  Library.  Will 
publishers  in  the  State  advise  the  undersigned  as  to  whether  they  will  furnish  the  desired  copie» 
of  their  papers,  delivering  them  at  the  office  of  the  Prairie  Farmer,  Chicago,  before  the  1st 
November? 


TO  OFFICEES  OF  EAILROAD  AND  EXPRESS  COMPANIES. 

The  entire  collection  included  in  lots  1,  2,  8 and  4 will  be  brought  together  at  the  State  Fair,  to 
be  held  in  Chicago,  commencing  September  24th,  preparatory  to  arranging,  packing  and  shipping 
it  to  New  York,  where  it  must  ariive  by  December  Ist.  Many  of  the  packages  will  be  small  and 
light — some  of  them,  perhaps,  more  bulky,  and  weighing  200  pounds  each.  Will  j^ou  transport 
articles  designed  for  this  collection,  and  addressed  to  the  undersigned  at  the  Fair  Grounds,  Chi- 
cago, free  of  charge,  and  not,. as  in  other  cases,  require  prepayment  of  freight?  The  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  Company  has  already  consented  to  do  so. 

Will  you  send  me,  addressed  to  Springfield,  a copy  of  sectional  diagram  of  your  road,  showing 
the  grades,  and  such  other  facts  and  figures  bearinc  upon  the  topography  of  the  country  over 
which  it  passes,  as  may  be  in  your  possession?  Please  reply  at  your  early  convenience. 

TO  PROPRIETORS  OP  QUARRIES. 

You  are  particularly  desired  to  have  specimens  prepared  of  each  variety  of  building  stone, 
eight  inches  square  and  two  inches  thick,  polishing  one  side  Avhere  it  will  receive  a polish,  label- 
ing each  with  the  name  of  the  proprietor  and  location  of  the  quarry.  Pack  them  carefully  in  a 


3 


suitable  box,  fasten  the  top  on  with  screws,  and  ship  them  to  the  undersigned,  State  Fair  Grounds, 
Chicago,  from  15th  to  20th  September  next. 

Proprietors  of  coal  mines  are  requested  to  select  samples  of  their  coal,  in  the  form  of  a cube, 
eight  inches  square,  (two  from  each  mine,)  label,  pack,  and  ship  as  above.  It  is  desirable  to 
have  at  least  one  specimen  from  every  mine  in  the  State.  The  localities  will  be  plainly  marked 
on  accompanying  maps. 

TO  FARMERS. 

Those  having  choice  samples  of  corn  are  earnestly  solicited  to  select  ten  ears  of  each  variety, 
wrap  them  well  in  soft,  dry  paper,  separately,  put  each  variety  in  a wrapper  by  itself,  labeled 
with  the  name  of  the  variety,  and  the  name  and  address  of  the  producer ; pack  the  whole  in  a 
box  firmly,  and  ship  as  above. 

Those  having  very  superior  fall  or  spring  wheat  are  requested  to  send  samples  in  quantities  of 
one  quart  each,  iii  sacks  labeled  with  name  of  variety,  and  name  and  address  of  producer;  box 
and  ship  as  above. 

The  remainder  enumerated  in  Lot  4 will  be  obtained  in  some  other  manner. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  entire  collection,  except  the  printed  matter,  maps,  etc.,  etc.,  will  be  on 
exhibition  at  the  State  Fair,  and  we  trust  will  form  an  interesting  feature  of  that  Exhibition,  eo 
that  the  remaining  two  months  may  be  emplo3  ed  in  supplying  deficiencies,  and  making  desirable 
additions,  before  shipping  it  finally  to  Paris. 

Every  intelligent  citizen  of  the  State  should  feel  himself  personally  called  upon  to  do  whatever 
he  may  to  render  this  collection  as  complete  and  attractive  as  it  is  possible  to  make  it;  and  any 
information,  suggestion  or  contribution  to  that  end  will  be  gratefully  received  and  promptly 
acknowledged. 

JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS, 

Com'r  for  III.,  and  Del.  State  Ag.  Soc.  to  French  Fxpos^n,  1867. 

Speingfieli),  April  5,  1866. 

P.  S.  Application  for  space  for  those  wishing  to  exhibit  on  their  own  account  should  be  made 
at  once  by  letter  addressed  to  J.  C.  Derby,  Esq.,  Agent  French  Exposition,  No.  5 Spruce  street. 
New  York. 

The  Exposition  will  be  opened  April  1,  and  closed  October  31,  1867.  Articles  intended  for 
exhibition  must  be  entered  now,  but  should  not  be  shipped  to  New  York  before  1st  December 
next. 

A competent  person  will  place  the  State  Collection  on  exhibition  in  Paris  at  the  proper  time. 

Tlie  response  was  all  that  could  have  been  reasonably  expected. 
Free  transportation  for  all  articles  designed  to  become  part  of  the 
State  Collection  for  the  Universal  Exposition  was  accorded  by  all 
the  railway  and  express  companies  of  the  State,  while  the  Illinois 
Central  Company,  in  addition,  paid  the  salary  and  expenses,  to 
the  amount  of  about  $500,  of  a special  agent  to  make  collections; 
furnished  him  passes  over  their  lines,  as  did  also  the  other  railroad 
companies,  for  that  purpose ; provided  storage  room  in  their 
Land  Department  Building  at  Chicago;  instructed  their  station 
agents  to  aid  in  making  the  collections,  especially  of  agricultural 
products ; and  exhibited  on  all  occasions,  and  in  every  practicable 
manner,  a lively  interest  in  the  enterprise. 

The  State  Geologist,  Prof.  Worthen,  prepared  a valuable  suite 
of  fossils  and  minerals  from  the  State  Cabinet,  and  another  of 
fossils  from  his  private  collection.  Chiefly  through  the  efforts  of 
the  special  agent,  who  was  furnished  a list  of  localities,  the  geo- 
logical collection  was  supplemented  with  good  samples  of  coal 


from  most  of  tlie  worked  mines,  building  stone  from  the  principal 
quarries  of  the  State,  as  also  the  clays,  earths  and  sand  used  in 
manufacture.  The  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences  contributed  a 
collection  of  Illinois  game  birds;  private  citizens  and  State  officers 
added  samples  of  agricultural  products,  useful  minerals,  agricul- 
tural implements,  manufactured  articles,  preserved  meats,  wines, 
flour,  books,  maps,  photographs,  copies  of  daily,  weekly  and 
monthly  papers,  Eeports  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion, State  Geologist,  Auditor,  and  Treasurer,  and  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Society — forming  the  chief  part  of  the  original  State 
Collection  proper.  Other  articles — among  them  the  important 
exhibits  of  the  American  Cottage,  the  Western  School  House, 
and  Diagram  of  the  Chicago  Tunnel,  due  almost  entirely  to  the 
patriotic  and  well-directed  personal  efibrts  of  Col.  Jas.  H.  Bowen, 
one  of  the  United  States  Commissioners,  residing  in  Chicago — 
were  subsequently  added. 

While  this  collection  was  sadly  defective  in  some  particulars, 
wanting  almost  entirely  in  the  crowning  and  peculiar  glory  of  our 
prairie  agricultural  industry — labor-saving  farm  implements — it 
was  nevertheless  respectable,  and  by  reason  of  the  unfortunate 
failure  of  our  sister  States  to  do  as  well,  either  of  which  might 
have  readily  excelled  it,  it  assumed  from  the  flrst,  and  maintained 
throughout  the  Exposition,  the  flrst  rank  as  a State  Exhibition 
from  the  United  States.  The  suitable  provision  made  by  the 
General  Assembly,  and  the  wide  discretion  given  me  by  the 
Governor,  enabled  me  to  make  the  most  of  the  situation,  and  to 
reap  for  the  State  the  legitimate  reward  of  diligence,  without 
unfairness  or  illiberality  toward  other  States  or  their  representa- 
tives. In  this  connection,  it  may  be  pardonable  to  quote  the 
following  paragraphs  from  a report*  recently  made  to  the  Indiana 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  by  Joseph  Poole,  Esq.,  a member  of 
that  Board,  summing  up  his  views  and  opinions  derived  from  a 
month’s  observation  at  the  Exposition.  The  compliment  he  has 
been  pleased  to  pay  to  our  State  Collection  is  stated,  as  will  be 
seen,  in  strong  terms ; but  it  comes  from  a gentleman  of  acknow- 
ledged ability  and  practical  common  sense,  not  a resident  of  this 
State,  and  who  made  his  stay  in  Paris  as  part  of  an  extended 
tour  of  observation  devoted  to  the  study  of  European  agriculture 


•See  Transactions  Indiana  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  18GT. 


5 


and  industry;  and  withal  willing  to  believe  it  not  wholly  unmer- 
ited, I venture  to  reproduce  here  a part  of  his  remarks  on  this 
subject: 

“ The  Illinois  corn,  wheat  and  other  grains,  her  nainerals,  her  hams,  salted  meats,  reapers  and 
mowers,  plows,  farm  wagons,  and  numerous  other  products,  and  especially  her  Illinois  farm  and 
Western  school  houses,  were  all  viewed  with  wonder  and  admiration  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
whole  civilized  world.  Illinois  and  her  productions  will  long  be  remembered  by  the  inhabitants 
of  all  foreign  countries ; and  when  any  of  those  inhabitants  may  determine  to  emigrate — to  leave 
their  own  country,  and  find  an  asylum  and  pleasant  home  in  the  United  States— if  they  have 
visited  the  Paris  World's  Exposition,  when  determining  what  State  shall  be  their  future  home, 
and,  reflecting  upon  the  representation  of  each  State  and  her  products,  will  remember  the  dis- 
play of  Illinois  with  pleasing  emotions ; and  those  reflections  will  often  determine  their  course, 
and  that  of  their  friends  and  associates.  The  expenditure  of  seven  thousand  dollars  by  Illinois 
is  worth  more  than  fifty  thousand  dollars  to  her;  and  I have  no  doubt  that  emigration  alone  will 
more  than  bring  that  amount  into  her  borders  in  the  next  eighteen  months,  aside  from  the  great 
value  of  settling  her  vast  territory.  She,  to-day,  in  the  eyes  of  the  world,  scaicely  stands  second 
to  any  State  in  the  Union;  and  her  minerals,  grain,  mowers  and  reapers,  farm  wagons,  school 
and  farm  house  homes,  and  other  productions,  will  long  be  remembered  by  all  civilized  nations.” 

Until  within  a few  years  past,  this  great  agricultural  district, 
which  we  call  incorrectly  the  ‘‘ ISTorth-West” — it  being  really  far 
east  of  the  middle  of  United  States  territory — was  a terra  incog- 
nita to  the  great  majority  of  even  intelligent  Europeans ; more 
entirely  so,  perhaps,  than  is  now  Eastern  Russia  to  intelligent 
Americans.  True,  our  chief  sea-board  marts  were  known ; but 
in  the  minds  of  many,  Rew  York  stood  for  America,  and  the 
great  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  tributaries,  with  its 
immense  capabilities  for  the  maintenance  of  hundreds  of  millions 
of  people  in  a condition  of  comfort  and  even  luxury,  as  compared 
with  the  over-crowded  districts  of  old  Europe,  entered  even  into 
the  dreams  of  but  few.  Later,  the  stream  of  immigration  pouring 
in  upon  us,  quickened  in  some  degree  by  the  well-directed  efforts 
of  State  Commissions  of  Emigration  established  in  Europe  by 
some  of  the  new  States  and  by  our  Federal  agents  and  ministers 
abroad,  has  reacted  upon  communities  in  the  fatherland,  through 
correspondence,  and  the  return  visits  of  native  Europeans,  so  that 
a more  general  intelligence  in  regard  to  the  United  States  begins 
to  manifest  itself  among  the  masses.  The  leading,  controlling 
idea  in  sending  our  collection  was,  as  stated  briefly  in  the  original 
circular,  to  furnish  such  information  in  regard  to  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois as  would  fairly  present  and  demonstrate  the  attractions  of 
this  part  of  the  Republic  to  the  thoughtful,  intelligent  foreigner, 
and  especially  to  the  skilled  laborer,  in  search  of  a country  in 
which  he  might  reasonably  hope  to  better  his  condition.  It 
afforded  me,  time  and  again,  during  five  months’  almost  daily 


6 


attendance  on  tlie  Exposition,  in  the  Amerkan  Section,  the 
greatest  satisfaction  to  witness  the  eagerness  with  which  this 
information  w^as  sought,  and  the  gratification  with  which  our 
samples  of  cereals  and  other  agricultural  products,  and  of  our 
mineral  wealth,  were  examined.  The  exhibit  we  did  make, 
meager  though  we  know  it  to  have  been,  in  comparison  with* 
what  we  of  Illinois  or  the  citizens  of  any  other  North-Western 
State  might  have  done,  was  seemingly  accepted  by  foreigners  as 
a confirmation  of  all  they  had  heard  in  eulogy  of  our  natural 
resources,  far  more  full  and  complete  than  the  recent  emergence 
of  this  country  from  a civil  war  of  unparalleled  proportions  war- 
ranted them  in  expecting.  I therefore  most  sincerely  believe 
that  Mr.  Poole’s  estimate  of  the  effect  of  the  impression  made  on 
the  minds  of  visitors,  and  of  the  resulting  benefit  to  the  State  in 
the  early  addition  of  money  wealth  and  desirable  citizenship  from 
the  Old  W orld,  is  not  in  the  least  exaggerated. 

I shall  have  occasion,  in  a subsequent  page  of  this  report,  to 
refer  to  the  leading  articles  of  the  collection  again,  to  enumerate 
the  awards  of  the  juries  to  them,  respectively,  and  will  not  antici- 
pate further  now  than  to  say  that  everything  went  forward  in 
good  time,  and  reached  Paris  before  the  opening  of  the  Exposi- 
tion, except  the  buildings,  which  were  delayed  at  Havre. ^ 

Leaving  this  city  on  the  18th  of  February,  186Y,  and  New  York 
on  the  23rd  of  the  same  month,  b}^  the  steamship  St.  Laurent,  of 
the  French  line  established  by  the  General  Trans- Atlantic  Com- 
pany, I landed  at  the  city  of  Brest,  the  extreme  western  point  of 
France  and  of^Co^ntmental  Europe,  (lat.  48  deg.,  23  min.,  22  sec. 
N.,)  on  the  following  5th  of  March,  having  made  the  ocean  trip 
in  about  ten  days  and  a half.  Not  being  enamored  of  life  aboard 
an  ocean  steamer  by  this  first  experience,  1 cheerfully  waived  my 
right  to  continue  on  up  the  Channel  to  Havre,  preferring  at  the 
same  cost  to  take  the  overland  direct  route  from  Brest  to  Paris, 
and  therefore  disembarked  at  this  first  opportunity,  on  Tuesday, 
March  5th. 

Had  the  time  and, the  place  been  selected  solely  with  a view  to 
present  the  Old  World  in  the  strongest  possible  contrast  to  the 
new,  they  could  scarcely  have  been  more  fitly  chosen.  New 
York,  as  1 left  it,  and,  indeed,  the  whole  northern  portion  of  the 
United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  lay  buried  in  snow — 
not  a bud  swollen  above  latitude  89  deg. : and  yet  here  in  Brest, 


500  miles  further  north  than  Kew  York  City,  as  we  steamed  up 
the  harbor,  and  climbed  the  hill  to  the  city,  the  lawns^  and  hill- 
sides along  the  quays  and  between  the  frowning  fortifications 
were  seen  covered  with  verdure ; the  shrubbery  of  the  borders 
in  full  leaf;  the  polyanthus,  crocus,  hyacinths,  daffodils,  cydonia 
japonica,  and  some  wild  flowers  in  bloom. 

Brest  itself  is  an  old,  double-walled,  strongly  fortified  city  in 
Brittany,  of  about  70,000  inhabitants.  The  people,  Celtic  in 
their  origin,  and  scrupulously  observant  of  all  holidays  and  cere- 
monies enjoined  or  permitted  by  the  Church  of  Borne,  to  which 
they  adhere,  were  seemingly  all  in  the  streets  and  public  grounds, 
liolding,  as  I learned.  High  Carnival  on  Mardi-gras  or  Shrove 
Tuesday.  The  better  classes,  however,  were  merely  spectators — 
the  middle  and  lower  being  the  only  participants.  Of  them,  the 
old,  middle-aged  and  young  of  both  sexes  clattered  along  the 
narrow  streets  in  their  wmoden  shoes,  singly,  in  pairs,  in  parties 
or  processions  ; the  chief  actors  bedecked  in  all  conceivable  fancy 
costumes,  and  generally  masked  ; occasionally  one  of  the  gentler 
sex  in  male  attirf",  and  frequently  the  situation  reversed ; here  a 
party  of  jolly  beggars  on  foot,  and  them  another  on  horseback  or 
on  donkeys,  fantastically  arrayed,  and  personating  some  mediseval 
monarch  and  his  court ; some  singing  jjatriotic  airs  or  love  ditties 
not  the  most  refined  in  sentiment;  no  rows  nor  disorder,  nor 
even  an  “unpleasantness,”  that  I saw;  no  one  showing  the  inva- 
riable American  indications  of  inebriety,  yet  all  probably  drinking 
freely  of  cheap  wine  or  beer ; the  whole  presenting  a scene  not 
even  less  difficult  to  describe  than  impossible  to  enact  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic.  Indeed,  elsewhere  even  in  Europe,  except  in 
very  few  places,  the  spectacle  of  so  great  a portion  of  the  popu- 
lation of  a large  city  given  up  in  utter  abandon  to  the  festivities 
and  ludicrous  gaieties  of  the  Carnival,  is  never  in  these  later  times 
to  be  seen.  It  was  fortunate,  therefore,  at  the  first  step  on  a for- 
eign shore,  to  meet  so  favorable  a moment  for  an  introduction  to 
the  marked  peculiarities  in  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  peo- 
ple— serving,  as  the  scenes  of  the  Carnival  at  Brest  did,  to  create 
an  impression,  which  all  subsequent  observation  only  deepened 
and  rendered  more  distinct,  of  the  existing  differences  in  the 
controlling  conditions  which  surround  the  jDeople  of  the  Old 
World  and  the  Hew,  in  everything  relating  to  their  religious, 
political,  industrial  and  social  life. 


8 


The  individual  who  seeks  to  transplant  any  European  industry, 
hoping  it  to  become  established  here,  no  matter  to  what  department 
it  may  relate,  should  weigh  well  the  fact  that  the  principles  of  gov- 
ernment, the  machinery  of  government,  the  systems  of  labor,  the 
requirements  of  agriculture,  the  educational  and  religious  organi- 
zations, everything  that  goes  right  down  to  the  foundations  of 
society  in  Europe,  or  forms  an  essential  part  of  its  superstructure 
and  inner  life,  is  substantially  without  parallel  here.  Whatever 
exists  there  does  so  in  obedience  to  and  in  conformity  with  ances- 
tral traditions,  binding  customs,  arbitrary  law  and  unyielding 
necessity.  These  govern  and  control  all  productive  labor  of  the 
masses,  in  whatever  direction  it  may  be  turned : as  well  in  the 
immense  factories  as  in  the  little  household  industries ; as  well  in 
the  establishments  and  on  the  lines  of  those  great  railway  and 
transportation  monopolies  receiving  governmental  “concessions,” 
as  in  the  dingy  little  back  shop  of  a Parisian  mechanic ; as  well 
on  the  imperial  estates,  or  the  extended  domains  of  aristocratic 
wealth,  as  in  the  little  vineyard  of  the  vigneron  of  Champaign ; 
and  as  well,  too,  (except,  perhaps,  in  some  of  the  German  States,) 
throughout  the  whole  of  Europe,  even  in  the  Republic  of  Swit- 
zerland and  the  Constitutional  Monarchy  of  Great  Britain,  as  in 
the  Empire  of  France. 

An  English  lord  who  had  become  otfended  with  his  old  servant, 
and  determined  to  dismiss  him,  stated  to  Jock  his  conclusion  that 
they  must  part.  The  only  reply  was,  “And  where  will  your 
lordship  be  goin’  ? ” A very  usual  prize  awarded  at  district  and 
regional  agricultural  shows,  in  England  and  France,  is  one  “to 
that  servant  who  has  served  one  master  longest  and  most  faith- 
fully.” The  reply  of  Jock,  and  the  offer  of  such  a prize,  disclose 
a condition  of  labor,  a relation  of  the  employed  to  the  employer, 
which,  if  it  were  ever  approximated  in  this  country,  could  have 
existed  only  under  the  patriarchal  institution  swept  away  as  the 
result  of  the  rebellion.  Hence  I repeat,  that  whoever  seeks  to 
acclimate  here  anything  of  European  growth  must  study  well 
its  adaptability  to  the  genius  of  our  institutions,  and,  if  it  be  an 
industry,  its  adaptability  to  the  habits  of  life,  the  tastes  and  wants 
of  our  people.  It  is  safe  to  assume,  as  a rule,  that  whatever 
flourishes  in  the  crowded  populations,  and  surrounded  by  the 
cheap,  employment-seeking  labor  of  Europe,  will  not  succeed  in 
these  North-Western  States,  without  modification  in  some  impor- 


9 


tant  particulars.  I believe  there  are  exceptions ; that  there  are 
some  things  of  value — some  branches  of  manufacture,  for  exam- 
ple— which  they  are  successfully  prosecuting,  as  the  outgrowths  of 
European  necessities  even,  which  we  can  do  better  than  they, 
chiefly  because  of  the  greater  facilities  for  producing  or  obtaining 
here  the  raw  materials;  but  so  far  as  my  observation  extends 
these  are  few,  and  I shall  mention  some  of  them  in  subsequent 
pages  of  this  report,  with  much  diffidence  and  distrust  of  my  own 
conclusions. 

Brest,  then,  celebrating  the  Carnival,  in  holiday  costume,  and 
given  up  to  the  hilarity  of  the  hour,  exhibited  only  one  phase? 
not  the  most  striking  and  remarkable,  of  the  differei5ce  between 
the  French  people  and  ourselves.  From  that  hour  I resolved  to 
try  to  examine  carefully,  to  observe  from  my  own  point  of  view, 
and  finally  to  tell  you,  not^  jpei'liajps^  exactly  how  and  what  it 
really  was  that  interested  me^  judged  hy  its  own  peculiar  sur- 
roundings^ hut  how  and  lohat  it  seemed  to  me. 

At  11  p.  M.  I took  the  train  of  the  “Kailway  of  the  "West”  for 
Paris,  distant  370  miles.  This  line  is  probably  as  perfect  in  all 
its  appointments,  and  as  well  managed,  as  any  in  France.  Trains, 
except  express  or  special,  are  usually  made  up  of  three  classes  of 
cars.  Each  first  class  car  is  divided  into  three  sections,  not  com- 
municating one  with  another,  and  each  having  places  for  eight 
passengers  who  sit  in  two  rows  of  four  each,  crosswise  the  car 
and  facing  each  other.  A door  on  either  side  completes  the 
resemblance  of  the  section  to  one  of  our  old  stage  coaches  with 
the  middle  seat  removed.  There  is  sometimes  an  additional  half- 
section, called  a coupe,  in  front,  glazed  on  the  sides  and  end,  thus 
allowing  an  unobstructed  view  in  all  directions  except  the  rear. 
The  only  method  for  warming  the  cars  is  by  the  use  of  flat  metal 
cans,  3-|  feet  long,  6 inches  wide  and  3 inches  thick,  filled  with 
hot  water,  placed  on  the  floor,  two  in  each  section,  and  renewed 
at  intervals.  A single  small  oil  lamp  furnishes  the  needed  light 
at  night,  and  in  tunnels  by  day,  so  that  all  danger  from  fire  in  case 
of  accident  is  thus  avoided  ; the  feet,  at  least,  are  kept  warm ; and 
Europeans,  who  habitually  dress  warmer,  live  in  the  open  air  more, 
and  use  less  fuel  in  their  dwellings,  than  Americans,  do  not  com- 
plain of  the  temperature  of  the  cars  in  cold  weather.  First  class 
fare  is  very  nearly  the  same  per  mile  as  on  our  roads ; the  rate  of 
speed  about  twenty-five  miles  per  hour,  including  stoppages. 

3, 


10 


There  are  no  sleeping  cars,  I believe,  on  any  of  the  lines  in  France. 
This  road,  and  all  others  on  which  I chanced  to  travel,  are  ballasted 
in  the  most  thorough  manner,  and  kept  in  the  nicest  repair,  so  that 
almost  the  only  perceptible  jarring  of  the  cars  in  motion  is  side- 
wise,  owing  I think  to  their  want  of  requisite  length  to  insure 
steadiness. 

At  each  crossing  of  another  railway  or  even  highway  at  the 
same  level,  an  individual,  usually  a woman,  is  stationed  with  a 
flag,  and  at  the  passing  of  the  train  a gate  on  either  side  is  closed. 
Every  depot  is  inclosed,  and  all  access  to  the  train,  except  by 
employees,  or  by  passengers  who  are  provided  with  tickets,  is  cut 
ofl*.  The  ticket  originally  purchased  is  shown  to  a guard  on  enter- 
ing the  waiting  hall  at  the  station,  is  retained  by  the  traveler,  and 
is  not  required  to  be  shown  again  until  the  destination  is  reached, 
whereat  is  given  up  to  a guard  on  passing  from  the  inclosure  ot 
the  depot.  The  ‘‘  conductor,”  as  we  know  him,  is  nowhere  to  be 
seen  or  heard.  This  ticket  arrangement  accomplishes  at  least  two 
desirable  things : it  relieves  the  sleepy  traveler  from  the  oft- 
repeated  cry  of  “tickets,”  and  insures  to  the  treasary  of  the 
company  the  return  of  the  entire  receipts  for  passenger  trafiic. 
Stoppages  are,  as  on  our  roads,  some  twenty  minutes  at  regular 
stations  for  refreshments,  and  a few  minutes  at  short  intervals  for 
way  passengers  and  other  purposes.  All  the  locomotives  I saw 
were  coal-burners,  and  of  the  plainest  possible  appearance  in 
comparison  with  the  American.  Neither  engineer,  fireman  nor 
guard  is  protected  from  the  inclemency  of  the  weather  by  any 
sort  of  suitable  covered  structure,  and,  if  transferred  to  the  prai- 
ries of  Northern  Illinois  in  the  same  almost  defenseless  condition, 
could  scarcely  hope  to  live  out  one  of  our  severest  winter  storms. 

The  great  controlling  idea  of  the  management  of  railways  and 
all  other  lines  of  public  conveyance  in  France,  seems  to  be  the 
safety  of  the  passenger  and  the  realization  of  this,  together  with 
the  perfection  of  systematic  management  everywhere  and  at  all 
times  observable,  induces  a feeling  ot  security  to  which  the  con- 
scious traveler  on  almost  any  American  railway  or  steamboat  is 
necessarily  a stranger.  Accidents,  involving  loss  of  life,  are  of 
rare  occurrence.  Next  to  safety  are  economy,  punctuality,  and 
the  assurance  of  a reasonable  amount  of  comfort  to  passengers. 
To  accomplish  these  the  authority  is  absolute,  the  discipline  is 
despotism,  and  the  obedience  correspondingly  certain.  Nearly  all 


11 


railway  structures  are  of  iron,  stone  or  brick ; which  materials  are 
readily  obtained  at  low  rates,  the  necessary  labor  being  abundant 
and  cheap.  At  most  of  the  principal  stations  the  trains  stand  under 
a roof,  frequently  glazed  over  the  entire  extent  and  supported  by 
iron  framework.  Damaging  hail-storms  rarely  occur,  so  that  these 
structures,  though  light,  airy  and  beautiful,  are  substantially  inde- 
structible by  the  elements.  Railway  structures  of  every  other  class, 
bridges,  culverts,  tunnels,  etc.,  seem  to  be  of  equal  durability  and 
fine  finish.  The  French  system  of  railways  is  chiefly  in  the  hands 
of  six  large  companies — the  FTorth,  East,  West,  Orleans,  Paris 
and  Mediterranean,  and  the  South — forming  a net-work  which, 
when  complete,  will  afford  ample  facilities.  The  management  of 
the  respective  companies  exercise  the  most  vigilant  and  praise- 
worthy care  in  providing  for  the  physical  and  moral  well-being  of 
their  employees  and  their  families.  Magazines  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing supply  those  articles  at  low  rates,  and  special  schools  are 
established  and  maintained  for  the  instruction  of  those  who  desire 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  advantages  they  ofier.  For  this  care 
the  companies  are  amply  repaid  in  the  increased  intelligence  and 
faithfulness  of  their  dependents,  and  are  able  to  maintain  an 
authority  the  most  absolute,  and  an  accountability  on  the  part  of 
their  employees  the  most  rigorous. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1866,  the  whole  number  of  miles  of  rail- 
way authorized  to  be  constructed  in  France  was  13,051^;  number 
of  miles  in  operation  was  8,433  5 — having  cost  6,824,000,000  francs 
3 of  which  the  companies  paid  5,840,000,000  f.  and  the  state  984,- 
000,000  f.  In  1865,  the  total  number  of  passengers  transported 
was  84,025,516,  and  tons  of  merchandise  34,019,436.  Total  re- 
ceipts for  passengers,  184,215,213  f. ; total  receipts  from  all  sources, 
578,856,871  f. ; total  expenses  of  operation,  266,202,095  f.;  total 
number  of  employees,  111,460. 

It  is  claimed  that  within  the  past  ten  years  progress  has  been 
realized  in  the  largely  increased  power  of  locomotives ; the  sub- 
stitution of  coal  for  coke  by  means  of  smoke-consumers  ; the  use 
of  more  spacious  and  comfortable  carriages  ; the  greater  assurance 
of  safety  by  means  of  improved  modes  of  communication  between 
the  agents  of  the  trains  and  the  passengers,  of  the  signal  discs  and 
in  the  brakes ; in  the  substitution  of  cast-steel  plates  for  iron  in 
the  manufacture  of  steam  generators.  It  is  also  sought  to  substi- 
tute iron  for  wood  in  the  carriages,  car  frames  and  cross  ties.  The 


12 


cost  of  locomotives  in  1855  was  2i^oo  f-  per  kilogramme  (1  !b=0.453 
kilo.),  or  about  two  pounds  ; now,  they  cost  1 7oo  f.  per  kilo.  In 
1855,  the  price  of  rails  at  the  factory  was  320  f.  per  ton  ; now,  it  is 
185  f.  per  ton — a diminution  in  cost  of  fixtures  for  railways  attribu- 
table largely  to  important  inventions  in  methods  and  processes  of 
manufacture.  By  the  adoption  of  what  is  known  as  the  “Besse- 
mer process”  (which  was  made  a special  subject  of  examination, 
and  reported  on  at  length  by  one  of  the  United  States’  Commis- 
sioners to  the  Exposition),  rails  are  now  produced  said  to  equal 
the  best  cast-steel  in  durability,  and  at  far  less  cost.  The  value  of 
this  “process”  to  railway  companies  and  to  iron  and  coal  produ- 
cing districts  of  the  United  States,  can  scarcely  be  over-estimated, 
as  I trust  private  enterprise  will  make  manifest  in  this  State  at 
an  early  day.  In  railway  enterprises,  as  in  nearly  all  others  of 
magnitude  affecting  the  public  welfare,  the  state  has  devoted  large 
sums  as  subsidies  to  warrant  their  prosecution.  The  ocean  steamer 
lines  and  beet  sugar  industry  afford  notable  examples  of  the  bene- 
ficial results  of  this  policy. 

To  the  Geologist,  as  well  as  the  Agriculturist,  the  route  from 
Brest  to  Paris  is  full  of  interest  and  would  amply  reward  a pro- 
longed study.  The  upheavals  aud  disturbance  of  the  strata  are  so 
frequent  and  considerable,  that  at  one  point  or  another  every 
formation,  from  the  lowest  stratified  rock  to  the  post  tertiary,  is 
found  at  the  surface.  One  result  of  this  is  great  variety  in  the 
constituent  mineral  elements  of  the  tillable  soil,  and  a consequent 
ample  field  for  experiment  to  determine  the  adaptability  of  the 
various  outcrops  to  the  growth  of  diflerent  agricultural  products. 
A very  able  and  elaborate  geological  survey  of  this  line  has  been 
made,  and  the  report  embodies  the  results  of  most  careful  and 
minute  observation  of  the  agriculture  pursued  on  and  appropriate 
to  the  different  exposures  throughout  the  entire  section.  It  is 
matter  of  doubt  whether  the  same  amount  of  intelligent  study  and 
labor  under  circumstances  equally  favorable,  has  been  bestowed 
on  a similar  work  elsewhere  in  any  country  ; and  nothing  but  the 
limited  space  to  which  it  seems  necessary  to  confine  this  report 
prevents  me  from  inserting  here  at  least  a condensed  compilation  of 
the  facts  developed  in  the  “Geological  Profile  from  Paris  to  Brest, 
prepared  by  M.  Mille,  Chief  Engineer  of  Bridges  and  Highways, 
Paris,  1865,”  for  a copy  of  which  I am  under  obligations  to  the  ac- 
complished author.  It  is  replete  with  information — scientifically 


13 


attested  facts — verified  by  the  systematic  practice  of  agriculturists 
themselves  for  centuries  but,  fortunately  for  us,  our  children  and 
our  children’s  children,  not  practically  applicable  to  any  considera- 
ble extent  on  the  smooth,  virgin,  undisturbed  prairies  of  Illinois. 
"VYe  till  no  soil  from  which  the  organic  matter  has  been  washed 
by  exposure  under  cultivation  to  the  rains  of  a thousand  years  ; 
we  have  no  soil,  or  next  to  none,  made  up  chiefiy  of  the  disinte- 
grated underlying  rocks  and  applied  manures.  Analyses  of  soils, 
with  us,  have  rarely  been  made,  and  I have  yet  to  learn  that  the 
practice  of  a single  Illinois  farmer  has  ever  been  modified  by,  not 
to  say  founded  upon,  facts  in  regard  to  the  soil  of  his  farm  elicited 
by  the  means  of  chemical  investigation.  For  this  reason,  if  for  no 
other,  the  whole  subject  of  special  manures,  their  manufacture  and 
use,  so  important  to  European  farmers,  is  a book  with  almost  un- 
broken seals  to  us.  Nor  is  it  a reproach  to  us  that  it  is  so.  An 
ever-present,  hard  necessity  looks  the  population  of  all  Astern 
Europe  squarely  in  the  face,  and  demands  of  them  the  most 'Careful 
examinaUon  of  every  element  by  which  agriculture  is  in  any  man- 
ner afiected,  whether  it  aid  or  embarrass  the  production  of  human 
food ; and  so  nobly  and  successfully  have  they  responded  to  this 
demand,  that  practical  art,  wiih  its  economies  and  skill,  guided  by 
the  truths  of  science,  has  steadily  increased  the  annual  production 
of  their  great  staple  crops,  has  improved  the  soil,  and,  at  the  same 
time  and  probably  to  the  same  extent,  ameliorated  the  physical 
well-being  of  the  mass  of  the  people.  I will  not,  however,  be 
suspected  of  wanting  in  appreciation  of  the  value  of  scientific 
research  in  its  relation  to  the  agriculture  of  our  own  country,  nor 
of  undervaluing  the  pains-taking  labors  of  the  savans  of  Europe, 
in  expressing  the  conviction  that  the  peculiarities  of  European 
agriculture,  in  so  far  as  they  grow  out  of  peculiarities  of  soil  and 
other  conditions  there  present,  can  properly  serve  but  as  warnings 
to  those  who  till  the  western  prairies.  If,  however,  we  continue 
for  a few  generations  more  to  do  as  we  have  been  and  are  now 
doing — ‘‘take  out  of  the  meal  tub  and  never  put  in” — we  must 
surely  find  the  bottom,  and  with  it  ample  necessity  for  the  practi- 
cal application  of  the  lessons  in  agricultural  chemistry  now  so  well 
studied  in  old  Europe. 

In  passing  over  the  “ Kail  way  of  the  West,”  of  course  no  inti- 
mate knowledge  of  the  systems  of  agriculture  or  industry  in  practice 
throughout  the  region  it  traverses  could  be  acquired,  yet  there  are 


14: 


features,  permanent  and  characteristic,  which  no  American  would 
fail  to  note  at  a glance.  Some  of  them  interested  me.  The  physi- 
cal outline  of  the  country  presents  nothing  remarkable.  Eolling, 
occasionally  abrupt  in  declivity,  there  is  no  mountain  scenery  nor 
anything  not  in  harmony  with  the  quiet  beauty  of  a country  almost 
wholly  cultivated,  arable  lands,  meadows  and  vineyards.  The 
fields,  separated  from  each  other  sometimes  by  hedges  so  slight 
as  scarcely  to  be  barriers  at  all  and  sometimes  by  furrows  only, 
are  small,  var ) ing  from  a few  square  rods  to  a few  acres  in  extent, 
hlo  laws  of  primogeniture  or  entail  prevail,  and  hence  the  tendency 
is,  as  it  is  with  us  and  for  the  same  reason,  to  the  minutest  sub- 
division in  the  ownership  of  real  estate  not  inconsistent  with  its 
profitable  use.  This  has  reached  a point  in  France  which  is  of 
course  only  in  the  distant  future  here  ; and  the  system  which 
permits  it  and  thus  firmly  binds  the  hearts  of  the  people  to  the 
soil  of  France,  is  claimed  by  French  political  economists  to  be  the 
palladium  of  French  nationality.  Possibly  the  large  land  owners 
of  England,  under  the  policy  of  the  ‘ fast  anchored  isle  ’ by  which 
the  small  estates  are  being  steadily  absorbed,  take  a different  view 
of  the  case."^ 

Perhaps  the  first  feature  of  the  country  landscape  an  American 
will  observe,  because  so  unexpected  to  him  in  an  old  country  having 
a dense  population,  is  the  prairie-like  openness  of  the  view,  result- 
ing from  the  absence  of  farm-houses  with  their  clusters  of  second- 
ary buildings  which  everywhere  dot  American  scenery  in  the 
rural  districts.  With  the  exception  of  an  occasional  pretentious 
chateau  and  its  accessories  on  the  estate  of  some  wealthy  gentle- 
man, you  see  nothing  of  the  kind.  Those  who  till  the  ground, 
whether  proprietors,  tenants  or  hired  laborers,  reside  in  adjacent 
villages,  where  each  family  seems  to  occupy  the  narrowest  limits 
consistent  with  its  actual  need  of  shelter  and  rest.  The  farmers 
are  villagers  as  well.  Their  dwellings  may  have  been  built  fifty 
or  a hundred  or  five  hundred  years  ago  ; the  gray  stone  walls,  the 
red  tile  roofs  or  moss-covered  thatch  tell  no  story  of  their  age. 
Nothing  about  them  suggests  an  idea  of  modern  or  even  individual 

• Mr.  Eruest  Joaes,  in  a lecture  delivered  in  Dublin,  August,  1867,  stated,  no  doubt  on  good 
authority,  the  number  of  acres  in  England,  Scotland  and  Wales  to  be  71,000,000;  that  the  num- 
ber of  land  owners  had  decreased  from  250,000  in  1770  to  32,000  in  1856,  and  still  decreases.  The 
Duke  of  Devonshire  owns  96,000  acres  in  the  county  of  Derby  alone.  The  Duke  of  Richmond 
owns  810,000  acres,  and  the  Marquis  of  Breadalbane  may  ride  on  hie  own  land  100  miles  in  a 
straight  line  from  his  own  door— and  this  in  a country  not  double  the  size  of  Illinois  ,with  a popu- 
lation eight  times  greater ! 


15 


taste.  The  iron  rule  of  rigorous  necessity,  exacting  durability  and 
economy,  seems  to  have  prescribed  their  forms,  materials  and 
proportions.  This  same  law  of  necessity  dominates  throughout. 

I have  already  referred  to  the  fences,  or  rather  to  the  absence 
of  them.  There  is  no  discussion  of  the  “fence  question”  in 
France.  If  in  the  dim  past  any  such  question  was  raised,  it  set- 
tled itself  long  ago.  One  has  only  to  look  at  the  little  pieces  of 
ground  as  they  lie  marked  into  fields  or  farms  by  their  different 
crops,  the  whole  resembling  a mammoth  mosaic  picture  without 
a frame,  to  feel  the  utter  absurdity  of  any  proposition  to  fence 
them  on  the  American  system.  Possibly  the  empire  might  bor- 
row the  funds  to  accomplish  it  by  mortgaging  the  entire  territory, 
but  when  done  it  is  not  likely  a second  loan  could  be  effected  to 
maintain  the  fences,  and  a considerable  per  cent,  of  the  people 
would  certainly  be  compelled  to  choose  between  starvation  and 
emigration.  And  is  it  not  true  that  here,  in  the  sparsely  timbered 
district  of  the  prairies  where  the  fences  cost  us  originally  almost  as 
much  as  the  land  besides  ten  per  cent  interest  annually  to  maintain 
them,  our  policy  and  laws  on  this  subject  are  as  absurd  as  they  are 
onerous?  Is  there  not  in  this  very  outgrowth  of  European  necessity 
a lesson  we  should  learn  and  apply  ? That  density  of  population 
and  the  resultant  need  of  economizing  resources  of  land  and 
money  will  ultimately  force  us  to  abandon  the  wasteful  sys‘em  of 
fencing  cultivated  fields,  I do  not  enter! ain  a single  doubt;  but 
why  should  not  this  generation  reap  the  benefits  of  an  enlightened 
policy  sure  to  enhance  the  value  of  every  acre  of  arable  land 
in  the  prairies  twenty-five  per  cent,  on  the  day  of  its  adoption  ? 

Another  economy  universally  practiced  in  France,  struck  me 
forcibly — the  utilization  of  all  available  wall-surface  for  the  pro- 
duction of  fruit.  I do  not  refer  to  the  more  than  5, (*00,000  acres 
of  vineyards,  nor  to  the  orchards  producing  annually  their  11,- 
000,000  hectolitres  of  cider,  but  merely  to  the  incidental  culture 
of  fruit  against  walls,  barriers  and  other  structures  erected  for 
other  purposes  entirely.  It  is,  of  course,  not  possible  to  estimate  this 
product  closely,  but  it  must  in  France  alone  exceed  the  entire  fruit 
crop  of  Illinois.  There  is  scarcely  a house  owner  in  this  State  who 
may  not  profit  by  the  suggestion  ; who  may  not,  at  the  trifiingcostof 
plants  and  the  expenditure  of  a few  minutes  occasionally  in  pleas- 
ant labor,  supply  his  family  with  an  abundance  of  the  most  health- 
ful and  delicious  fruits  in  their  season.  No  need  to  delay  planting 


16 


until  he  can  build  a trellis  or  an  arbor,  a time  that  too  often  never 
arrives,  but  he  may  use  at  once  the  bare  walls  of  his  outbuildings, 
his  fences  and  even  his  dwelling.  Generally,  such  surfaces  pro- 
duce better  fruit,  and  with  more  certainty  in  this  climate,  than 
the  open  vineyard  or  orchard,  and  they  are  ready  for  use  without 
the  additional  outlay  of  a dollar.  The  air  of  comfort,  of  luxury 
indeed,  and  real  beauty  produced  in  the  old  country  by  the  preva- 
lence of  this  practice  charms  an  American  at  first  sight,  and  almost 
suggests  the  wish  that  the  same  stern  need  of  ec-momy  might  for 
the  time  fall  upon  his  countrymen  and  compel  them  in  this  simple 
and  inexpensive  manner  to  beautify  the  landscape,  to  furnish 
themselves  and  families  with  the  luxury  of  fruits  and,  if  money 
must  be  an  element  in  all  our  calculations,  add  millions  to  the 
national  wealth. 

Of  forests  and  tree  planting,  I shall  speak  at  some  length  in 
connection  with  my  visit  to  the  imperial  farm  and  nursery  at 
LaMotte-Beauvron,  and  desire  to  refer  here  only  to  the  production 
of  fuel  in  a manner  entirely  new  to  me.  Along  the  margins  of 
brooks  and  on  the  confines  of  fields  may  be  frequently  seen  tall 
trees  shorn  of  all  branches,  except  little  tufts  at  their  tops,  and 
others  with  trunks  cut  off  from  four  to  ten  feet  above  the  ground. 
The  former  are  Lombardy  Poplars,  and  are  shorn  usually  once  in 
five  years ; the  hitter  are  chiefly  willows,  (white  ?)  elms  and  birches 
shorn  much  oftener.  The  crops  of  faggots  thus  obtained  without 
detriment  to  other  crops  or  appreciable  loss  in  any  respect  are  said 
to  supply  a large  proportion  of  the  wood  consumed  as  fuel,  while 
the  streets  of  the  villnges  and  cities,  even  the  higliw^ays  of  the 
country,  owe  their  cleanliness  to  the  myriads  of  brush  brooms 
made  of  the  finer  spray  clipped  from  the  stumps. 

I must  pass,  however,  with  scarcely  a mention,  many  other 
evidences  of  frugality  revealed  by  a glance  from  the  windows  of 
the  car,  such  as  the  narrowness,  cleanliness  and  perfect  keeping 
of  streets  and  roads,  the  absence  of  every  appearance  of  waste  in 
rural  economy,  the  studied  and  artistic  neatness  of  hay  and  grain 
stacks,  piles  of  wood,  stone  and  coal,  as  also,  loads  of  grain,  hay, 
flax  and  straw  as  they  were  being  transported  on  carts  whose 
broad  wheels  serve  only  to  roll  down  the  metal  of  the  McAdamized 
roads,  without  wearing  them;  and  leave  the  quiet  conservatism 
of  the  rural  districts  and  their  adherence  to  the  ways  of  the 
fathers,  with  the  single  reflection  that,  so  far  as  appears,  ages 


IT 


may  have  passed,  revolutions  swept  over  the  land,  thrones 
fallen  and  thrones  risen,'  while  the  life  and  industries  of  the 
people  in  their  struggle  to  supply  the  wants  of  a simple  exist- 
ence, may  have  undergone  no  appreciable  change.  The  train 
bears  us  swiftly  on  towards  the  political,  industrial,  financial, 
commercial  and  scientific  head  and  heart  of  the  empire.  It  is 
easy  to  know  we  are  approaching:  a great  metropolis  by  the 
increasing;  number  of  telegraph  wires,  the  improving  beauty  and 
finish  of  the  private  dwellings  and  grounds  and  even  by  the  acres 
upon  acres  of  snow-white  garments  of  both  sexes  hung  up  to  dry. 
Scarcely  are  we  past  the  beautiful  surroundings  of  Versailles, 
whose  p lace  and  parks,  fountains  and  galleries  of  art  have  cost 
the  French  people  $3<>0,000,()00,  than  before  us,  in  full  view  in 
the  ‘‘  basin,'’  lies  Paris — with  its  spires  and  domes,  its  palaces, 
triumphal  arches,  old  churches  and  monuments,  its  institutions  of 
learning,  its  2,000,000  of  people  and  its  Universal  Exposition.  It 
needs  little  knowledge  of  the  Emjfire  to  real  ze  liow  coinj^letely 
and  perfectly  Paris  is  France.”  It  has  been  said,  one  might 
as  well  speak  of  what  one’s  legs  think,  as  of  what  the  provinces 
think  a forcible  expression  of  the  entire  subjection  in  which 
Parisian  influence  holds  the  brain  and  muscle  of  the  residue  of 
the  domain  of  Napoleon  III — an  influence,  indeed,  not  wholly 
unfelt  nor  unacknowledged  in  the  worlds  of  science,  art  and 
fashion  throughout  Christendom. 

Arriving  at  the  station,  Mont  Parnasse,  at  4:30  p.  m.,  March 
0th,  I was  soon  domiciled  in  a quiet  hotel  in  the  heart  of  the  cify, 
and  on  the  following  morning  called  on  the  U.  S.  Commissioner 
General,  Hon.  N.  M.  Beckwith,  at  his  office.  No.  24  Rue  dela  Raix^ 
to  make  inquiry  in  regard  to  the  packages  addressed  to  me,  in  his 
care,  and  forming  the  Illinois  State  collection.  A single  interview 
served  to  satisfy  me  that  at  least  oim  nation,  whose  people  are 
known  abroad  as  rather  fast,  was  in  danger  of  being  behind  time 
in  perfecting  its  arrangements  for  the  Exposition  ; and  when,  in 
the  afternoon,  I visited  Champ  de  Mars  and  observed  the  little 
already  accomplished  in  the  Aineriean  section  of  the  palace,  as 
contrasted  with  the  forward  con<jition  of  the  preparatory  work  in 
the  sections  of  France,  England,  the  German  States  and  Pus  ia ; 
remembering,  too,  that  the  gr  nd  opening  must,  under  the  decree 
of  organization,  take  place  within  less  than  four  weeks,  my  appre- 
hension was  not  at  all  lessened. 

3 


18 


As  early  as  it  was  possible  to  do  so,  I obtained  positions  for  the 
different  parts  of  our  collection  as  they  arrived,  and  placed  them 
as  favorably,  with  a view  to  their  examination  by  juries  and  vis- 
itors, as  the  allotted  space  and  facilities  afforded  would  permit. 
Our  geological  collections,  agricultural  products,  meats,  wines, 
and  manufactured  articles,  were  placed  in  time  for  the  juries,  or 
at  least  before  they  ceased  to  work ; but  the  birds  contributed  by 
tbe  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences  were  installed  so  late  that  I 
presume  the  jury  of  the  class  did  not  examine  them.  The 
botanical  specimens  of  E.  Hall,  Esq.,  were  not  allotted  space  in 
which  they  could  be  properly  displayed  at  all,  and  none  whatever 
until  after  the  jury  were  through  and  compelled  to  report.  The 
Exposition  contained  nothing  better  than  these  two  exhibits  in 
their  respective  classes;  and  but  for  the  delay  and  want  of  suita- 
ble position,  I believe  the  award  of  a prize  to  each  would  have 
been  secured.  An  unfortunate  misapprehension  ot  the  scope  of 
Class  70,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  General, 
who  imagined  that  such  representative  articles  of  the  industry  of 
the  Uorth-Western  States  as  salted  and  smoked  meats,  were 
not  properly  admissible  under  the  ruling  of  the  Imperial  Com- 
missicm,  came  near  losing  to  us  two  silver  medals  on  barreled 
meats,  lard  and  hams.  A timely  protest,  however,  retained  them 
in  the  palace,  and  a sensible  jury,  after  proper  trial  at  table,  gave 
them  prizes  of  as  high  grade  as  any  awarded  to  similar  products 
from  other  nations.  In  the  case  of  the  beef,  pork  and  lard, 
Messrs.  Culbertson,  Blair  & Co.,  of  Chicago,  received  the  only 
medal  of  so  high  grade  awarded  to  those  articles ; and  in  case  of 
the  hams,  Charles  Duffield,  of  Chicago ; Cape,  Culver  & Co.,  of 
Hew  York;  Bonne,  who  exhibited  the  celebrated  hams  of  West- 
phalia, Prussia;  and  Maylan,  exhibiting  the  almost  equally  noted 
hams  of  Bayonne,  France,  received  the  four  highest  awards — a 
silver  medal  each.  Many  other  lower  prizes  were  awarded  to 
such  objects,  and  the  competition  was  great.  It  is  perhaps  inter- 
esting to  state  that  the  Cliicago  hams  were  regarded  as  rather  too 
decided  in  flavor  for  the  Parisian  taste — that  which  constitutes 
their  chief  point  of  excellence  with  Americans,  and  which,  by 
mere  prolonged  boiling,  may  of  course  be  rendered  less  pro- 
nounced, even  to  positive  insipidity. 


19 


The  farm  and  school  houses  constructed  by  Lyman  Bridges, 
Esq.,  of  Chicago,  installed  by  the  Commissioner  General,  under 
the  direction  of  J.  Clark,  Esq.,  of  Chicago,  were  exhibited  as  part 
of  the  State  Collection,  and  are  quite  accurately  represented  in 
the  accompanying  cuts,  borrowed  from  the  Prairie  Farmer  Com- 
pany. They  were  delayed  in  transportation  and  erection,  so  as 
not  to  be  completed  until  in  June — two  months  after  they  should 
have  been  ready.  The  appropriate  jury,  having  been  disbanded, 
were  reassembled,  (solely  by  the  efibrt  of  United  States  Commis- 
sioner Bowen,  who  manifested  throughout  the  liveliest  personal 
interest  in  these  exhibits,)  and  awarded  the  school  house  a silver 
medal.  The  jury  of  Class  74,  of  which  I was  an  associate  member, 
and  whose  labors  continued  throughout  the  duration  of  the  Expo- 
sition, finding  the  appropriate  jury  for  the  class  in  which  the 
cottage  was  originally  entered  had  also  disbanded,  kindly  assumed 
to  examine  it,  and  recommended  the  award  of  a gold  medal. 
Higher  authority  subsequently  confirmed  this  action,  but  reduced 
the  grade  of  the  award  to  a silver  medal. 

A small  cypress  cottage  from  Louisiana  was  also  awarded,  by 
the  same  jury — of  Class  74 — a bronze  medal,  under  precisely  the 
same  circumstances. 

Every  part  of  the  State  Collection  possessing  a market  or 
exchangeable  value  has  been  disposed  of,  and  the  result  reported 
to  the  contributors.  Every  article,  except  the  birds  and  botanical 
specimens,  was  considered  by  the  juries  in  making  up  their  awards, 
and  is  entitled  to  some  portion  of  honor  in  securing  one  of  the 
single  or  collective  prizes  issued  to  the  State. 

The  following  is  the  official  list  of  prizes  awarded  to  the  State 
and  citizens  of  Illinois,  as  embodied  in  the  Prefatory  Keport  of 
the  United  States  Commissioner  General : 

GRAND  PRIZE. 

C.  H.  McCormick — Reaping  Machines.  To  this  grand  prize,  gained  in  the 
field  trials  of  agricultural  machines,  was  added,  by  the  Emperor,  the 
Cross  of  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

GOLD  MEDAL. 

C.  H.  McCormick^  Chicago — Reaping  and  Mowing  Machines. 

SILVER  MEDALS. 

Chicago  Board  of  PuUic  Design  of  the  Lake  Tunnel.  (State  Collec- 

tion. 

Culbertson^  Blair  Co.y  Chicago — Salted  Meats.  (State  Collection.) 

Charles  Buffeldy  Chicago — Hams.  (State  Collection.) 


20 


HUnnis  Central  Railroad  Company,  Chicago — Agricultural  Products.  (State 
Collection.) 

State  of  Illinois — Collection  of>  Minerals.  (State  Collection.) 

State  of  Illinois — Fanner’s  House.  (State  Collection.) 

State  of  Illinois — Primary  School  House.  (State  Collection.) 

Peter  Schuttler,  Chicago — Wagon.  (State  Colkction.l 

BRONZE  MEDALS. 

John  Deere  & Co.,  Moline — Plow.  (State  Collection.) 

State  of  Illinois — Cereals  and  Wheat  Flour.  (State  Collection.) 

HONORABLE  MENTION. 

J.  Hirsch,  Chicago — Albumen,  Glycerine,  etc. 

It  is  proper  to  state  that,  except  in  two  or  three  of  the  ninety -live 
classes,  (No.  74,  embracing  trials  of  agricultural  implements  in  the 
field,  being  one  of  the  exceptions,)  the  examinations  and  awards 
by  the  juries  of  the  Exposition  were  in  no  proper  sense  competitive.^ 
either  between  nations  or  between  individuals  of  the  same  nation. 
Objects  regarded  by  the  juries  as  worthy  were  so  reported  by 
them,  together  with  an  indication  of  the  grade  of  prize  they  were 
believed  to  merit ; and,  so  far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  distinC’ 
tions  were  not  very  finely  drawn  in  most  cases.  The  number  of 
jurymen  apportioned  to  each  country  exhibiting  was  in  proportion 
to  the  space  it  occupied  in  the  palace.  This  of  course,  and  pro- 
perly, gave  France  a largely  preponderating  influence ; and  to  her 
honor  it  may  be  mentioned  as  an  universal  remark,  that  the 
Frenchmen  serving  on  the  juries  acted  uniformly  in  a spirit 
entirely  just  and  even  liberal,  in  passing  upon  the  exhibits  of 
other  nations.  I had  the  best  possible  opportunity  to  observe 
this,  and  it  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  express  my  admiration  of 
their  entire  and  perfect  freedom  from  all  narrow-minded  prejudice, 
as  well  as  their  quick  and  hearty  appreciation  of  excellence,  with- 
out regard  to  the  nationality  of  its  origin. 

An  analysis  of  results  shows  that  the  United  States  received 
more  prizes  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  its  exhibitors  than 
any  other  country,  except  France;  more  than  double  the  number 
received  by  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  The  following  table, 
copied  from  the  Prefatory  Report  of  the  United  States  Commis- 
sioner General,  and  verified  in  the  main  by  my  own  examination 
of  official  documents,  shows  important  facts  in  this  connection. 
The  countries  compared  are  the  ten  standing  highest  in  grade. 
“ The  lines  read  horizontally  show  the  percentage  of  grades  and 


21 


awards  to  each  country,  and  the  columns  read  vertically  present 
the  relative  grades  and  awards  to  each  country  compared  with 
the  other  countries. 


Percentage  of  grand 

prizes 

Percentage  of  gold 

medals 

Pe’cehtage  of  silver 
medals 

Percentage  of  bronze 
medals 

j Percentage  of  honora- 

ble mentions 

General  average  per- 
centage  

General  average  percentage  of 

awards  to  exhibitors 

0.00175 

0.02221 

0.08113 

0.12T59 

0.11265 

34.53 

Special  average : 

France 

0.00306 

0.04272 

0.M742 

0.20086 

0.16166 

65.57 

United  States 

0.00932 

0.03171 

0.134  2 

0 17910 

0.17350 

52.79 

Austria 

0. 00095 

0 02722 

0.12273 

0.18194 

0.14326 

47.60 

Prussia  and  North  Germany. 

0.00226 

0.02890 

0.10760 

0.18417 

0.15028 

47.40 

Belgium 

0.00161 

0.01834 

O.lOUS 

0.1.5428 

0.15326 

43  26 

Eussia 

0.00073 

0.015.8 

0.06593 

0.14915 

0.10915 

34  06 

Switzerland 

0 00092 

0 01944 

0.07500 

0.11.3S8 

0.10926 

31.85 

Great  Britain  and  colonies  . . 

0.00178 

0.01829 

0.00217 

0.09531 

0.083:18 

26. 10 

Italy 

0.00122 

0.00.-')89 

0.02826 

0.06311 

0 09338 

19.18 

Spain 

0.00000 

0.00794 

0.02950 

0.07630 

0.07333 

18.70 

‘.‘  The  percentage  of  awards  to  the  exhibitors  of  the  remaining 
twenty-five  countries  falls  below  the  preceding.” 

I am  more  than  willing  to  believe  that  the  United  States 
deserve  the  rank  assigned  them  in  the  great  Exposition  of  IS 67 
by  these  figures,  and  am  gratified  to  know  that  our  own  State 
contributed  respectably  to  secure  this  high  national  percentage ; 
but  every  intelligent  American  who  saw  it  will,  I think,  bear  me 
out  in  saying  the  United  States  exhibit,  as  a whole,  fell  far  below 
the  standard  of  high  excellence,  judged  by  the  actual  ability  of 
the  country;  that  it  did  not  do  the  nation  justice ; that  in  both 
materiel  and  installation,  it  did  not  realize  reasonable  expecta- 
tions. It  is  due  to  ourselves  that  other  nations  should  understand 
this,  and  I trust  the  special  reports  on  this  subject  by  United 
States  Commissioners,  with  whom  the  duty  of  reporting  on  the 
American  section  rests,  will  frankly  and  conscientiously  state  the 
whole  truth. 

I turn  from  this  department  to  the  one  more  deeply  interest- 
ing— the  Exposition  itself;  and  as  matter  of  historical  value, 
present  first  a brief  notice  of  those  of  the  same  international 
character  which  have  preceded  it.  The  facts  have  been  compiled 
from  authentic  sources. 


22 


The  Exhibition  of  the  Industry  ot*  All  ISTations,  in  1851,  was 
the  first.  It  was  held  in  Hyde  Park,  London,  wi  Ji  the  intention, 
as  expressed  by  the  late  Prince  Albert,  to  give  a true  lest  and 
a living  picture  of  the  point  of  development  at  which  the  whole 
of  mankind  had  arrived  in  this  great  task,  and  a new  starting 
point  from  which  all  nations  will  be  able  to  direct  their  future 
exertions.”  The  “Lrystal  Palace”  covered  an  area  of  fe00,000 
square  feet,  or  a little  more  than  eighteen  acres — said  to  be  more 
than  three  times  the  area  covered  by  any  previous  exhibition 
elsewhere.  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  occupied  one-half  the 
whole  space. 

It  was  opened  by  Her  Majesty  on  the  1st  of  May,  and  closed 
on  the  15th  October — duration  111  days. 

Number  of  exhibitors 13,937  Total  number  of  prizes 5,248 

Number  of  U.  S.  exhibitors 499  Prizes  to  the  United  S.ates ’i6i) 

Number  of  Council  medals,  170;  prize  medals,  2,918;  honorable  mentions,  2,160. 

Number  of  nations  exhibiting,  24. 

Whole  number  of  visitors,  6,039, 195,  of  whom  5,265,429  paid  at  the  doors,  ^1356,273,  and  773,770 


held  season  tickets,  paying  4:67,514. 

Receipts  from  all  sources X506,100 

Expenditures 292,795 

Net  balance 41213,305 


Largest  number  of  visitors  preseut  on  any  one  day  was  on  the  7th  October,  being  109,915. 

1853. 

The  second  International  Exhibition  was  held  in  Hew  York 
City,  in  1853,  being  opened  July  15th,  and  closed  Dec.  1st. 

Number  of  exhibitors,  4,834.  Number  of  nations  exhibiting,  24. 

The  Crystal  Palace  covered  an  area  of  110,086.20  square  feet, 
or  3.21  acres. 

I have  no  other  statistics  at  hand. 

1855. 

The  third  was  held  in  the  Palace  of  Industry  and  Annexes, 
Champs  Elysees,  Paris,  in  1855.  It  was  opened  on  the  1st  of 
May,  and  closed  on  the  30th  November. 

Number  of  exhibitors .23,974  Number  of  prizes 10  5C4 

Number  of  U.  S.  exhibitors 131  JNumber  of  prizes  toU.  S.  exhibitors’.  ’ 

Superficial  area  1,770,000  square  feet,  or  40.03  acres. 

Number  of  nations  represented,  30. 

Total  expenditure,  11,204,520  francs,  not  including  the  Palace  of  Industry,  which  cost  about 
82,000,000. 

Total  receipts,  3,202,485  francs. 

The  Palace  of  Industry,  a beautiful  stone  edifice,  still  remains, 
and  is  in  frequent  use  for  exhibitions  of  fine  arts  and  public  enter- 


23 


tairiments  requiring  great  space.  In  it  was  made  the  distribution 
of  awards  at  the  Exposition  of  1867,  July  1st,  witnessed  by  more 
than  18,000  persons. 

1862. 

The  fourth  was  held  at  South  Kensington,  near  London,  in 
1862.  It  was  oj^ened  on  the  1st  of  May,  and  closed  on  the  15th 
November. 

Number  of  exhibitors 28,653  Number  of  prizes  . ■ 13,423 

Number  of  U.  S.  exhibitors 128  Number  of  U.  S.  prizes 81 

Number  of  nations  represented,  25. 

Whole  area  roofed,  988,000  square  feet,  or  22.68  acres. 

Whole  number  of  visitors,  6,211,103. 

Total  expenditures,  il460,000;  total  receipts,  ^1459,631. 

1867. 

On  the  22nd  day  of  June,  1863,  an  imperial  decree  was  issued, 
at  the  instance  of  M.  Eouher,  then  Minister  of  Agriculture,  Com- 
merce and  Public  Works,  embodying*  the  three  propositions: 
1.  That  an  Exposition  take  place  in  Paris  in  1867.  2.  That  it  be 

more  completely  universal  than  its  predecessors,  and  to  that  end, 
that  it  comprehend,  as  far  as  possible,  the  works  of  art,  the  indus- 
trial products  of  all  countries,  and,  in  general,  the  manifestations 
of  all  branches  of  human  activity.  3.  That  the  notice  of  this 
Exposition  be  immediately  published,  to  the  end  that  all  produ- 
cers, including  those  of  the  most  distant  nations,  may  have  time 
to  make  preparation.  Even  before  the  close  of  the  Exhibition  ot 
1862,  in  London,  the  desire  to  hold  another  in  Paris  at  an  early 
day  was  expressed  by  many  of  the  principal  exhibitors,  and  that 
expression  finally  assumed  form  in  the  decree  referred  to  above. 

By  subsequent  decrees  an  Imperial  Commission  was  organized, 
consisting  of  thirty-eight  members,  to  which  were  added  the 
Minister  of  State,  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce, 
the  Minister  of  the  House  of  the  Emperor,  and  twenty-eight 
other  gentlemen  representing  the  guaranteed  capital  subscribed. 
Prince  Napoleon  was  named  President  of  the  Exposition,  but 
declined,  whereupon  the  Prince  Imperial  was  named  in  his  place — 
the  position  being  a mere  formal  one.  M.  Pouher,  Minister  of 
State,  was  Vice  Pre-Jdent,  M.  LePlay,  Counselor  of  State,  was 
named  as  Commissioner  General,  and  M.  de  Chancourtois,  Chief 
Engineer  of  Mines,  was  named  as  Secretary  to  the  Imperial 
Commission. 


24: 


The  estimated  expense  to  be  provided  for  was  twenty  millions 
of  francs,  ($3,720,000,)  of  which  the  State  and  the  city  of  Paris 
furnished  12,000,000f.,  and  the  twenty -eight  gentlemen  added  to 
the  Imperial  Commission,  as  noted  above,  guaranteed  the  remain- 
ing 8,000,000f.  Champ  de  Mars,  an  oblong  space,  containing 
781,707  squire  yards,  (about  lOS^-  acres,)  lying  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Seine,  between  that  stream  and  the  National  Military 
School,  {Eoole  MUitaire,)  historical  as  the  scene  of  fetes,  military 
reviews,  etc.,  was  selected  for  the  erection  of  the  temporary  palace. 

A system  of  classification  most  admirable  and  exhaustive  in 
detail  was  adopted  by  the  Imperial  Commission.  In  deciding 
upon  the  form  and  architecture  of  the  palace,  the  controlling  con- 
sideration evidently  was  to  adapt  the  building  to  the  classification, 
and  to  render  a study  of  the  Exposition,  in  any  of  its  parts,  or  as 
a whole,  easy  and  satisfactory,  so  far  as  internal  arrangement  of 
the  articles  exhibited  could  effect  it.  Nothing  of  usefulness  was 
sacrificed  to  mere  architectural  effect.  Errors  of  this  character 
were  avoided ; the  substance  was  not  subordinated  to  the  shadow. 

The  structures  were  therefore  adapted  to  and  contemplated  an 
exhibition : (See  map.) 

I.  By  Nations  : 

Each  occupying  a transversal  section  of  the  palace,  running  from  the  Cen- 
tral Garden  to  the  circumference  of  tlie  building,  and  larger  or 
smaller,  as  respectively  demanded  by  and  originally  assigned  to  the 
nations  exhibiting. 

II.  By  Groups  : 

1.  Works  of  art. 

2.  .Materials  and  their  application  in  the  liberal  arts. 

3.  Furniture  and  other  objects  used  in  dwellings. 

4.  Garments,  tissues  for  clothing,  and  other  articles  of  wearing  apparel. 

5.  Protlucts,  wrought  and  un wrought,  of  extractive  industries. 

6.  Instruments  and  processes  of  common  arts. 

7.  Food,  fresh  or  preserved,  in  various  stages  of  preparation. 

8.  Animals  and  specimens  of  agricultural  establishments.* 

9.  Living  products  and  specimens  of  horticultural  establishments.* 

10.  Objects  exhibited  with  a view  to  the  amelioration  of  the  moral  and 
physical  condition  of  the  people,! 

(Each  of  these  "roups,  except  as  no^ed,  w xs  extended  along  the  line  of  a concentric  gallery 
around  the  entire  building— No.  1 being  on  the  inner  and  No  7 on  the  outer  circle.) 

III.  By  Classes: 

Of  which  there  were  ninety-five  in  all,  suitably  disposed  by  installations 
in  the  groups  to  which  they  respectively  belonged. 


•Exhibited  in  the  Park  and  at  the  Island  of  Billancourt, ^hereafter  described. 
tPlaced  in  a transversal  section  of  the  palace,  Without  regard  to  nationalities,  for  convenience 
of  comparative  study,  and  in  the  Park. 


25 


As  this  matter  of  classification  is  one  of  growing  importance 
and  constant  study,  as  well  as  of  great  difficulty,  in  all  industrial 
organizations  holding  exhibitions,  and  as  that  adopted  by  the 
Imperial  Commission  for  the  Exposition  of  1867  is  generally 
admitted  to  be  the  most  thorough  and  nearest  perfection  in  gene- 
ral arrangement  and  specific  detail  yet  devised,  it  seems  highly 
proper  to  embody  it  herein  for  future  reference. 

. SYSTEM  OF  CLASSIFICATION. 

FmsT  Group. — Works  of  Art. 

Class  1,  (Palace  Gallery  1.)— Paintings  in  Oii'.— Paintings  on  canvas,  on  panels,  on  glazing,  and 
other  surfaces. 

Class  2,  (Palace  Gallery  \.)— Various  Paintings  and  Z)esfgrns  — Miniatures,  aquarelles,  pastels, 
and  designs  of  all  kinds;  paintings  on  euamel,  on  crockery,  on  porcelain;  cartoons,  for 
frescoes  and  for  glass  windows. 

Class  3,  (Palace  Gallery  1.)— Sculptures  and  Engravings  on  Medals.— Spherical,  embossing,  sculp- 
tured bas-reliefs,  sculptures,  pressed  and  chiseled,  medals,  cameos,  enerraved  stones,  chemi- 
cal engravings. 

Class  4,  (Palace  Gallery  1.)— Designs  and  Models  of  Architecture.— '^X.wdXes,  and  fragments,  repre- 
sentations and  projects  of  edifices,  restorations  from  ruins  and  from  documents. 

Class  5,  (Palace  Gallery  \.)— Engravings  and  Lithographs.— (black)  on  cojpper,  wood, 
stone,  etc. ; engravings  in  several  colors;  lithographs,  in  black,  in  crayon,  in  pencil,  and  in 
colors. 

Second  Group,  (Palace  Gallery  2.) — Materials  and  their  Application  in 
THE  Liberal  Arts. 

Class  Specimens  of  Printing  and  Publishing of  typography ; proof-sheets  of 
autogr:  phy  and  lithography,  in  black  and  in  colors;  proof-  heets  of  engravings;  new  books 
and  new  editions  of  books  already  known;  collections  of  works  forming  libraries  on  special 
subjects;  periodical  publications;  designs;  technical  rnd  school  atlases  and  albums. 

Class  7,  (Palace  Gallery  2.)— Specimens  of  Stationery,  of  Book-binding,  and  of  Materials  used  in 
Painting  and  Designing.— Pavers,,  cards,  paste-boards,  inks,  cha  ks,  pencils,  jiastels,  furniture 
of  writing  desks,  iuk-stands,  letter  balances,  copy-presses,  etc. ; registers,  copy-books, 
albums,  note-books,  instrument  ca^es,  bands,  elastic  bands:  various  articles  for  water  col- 
ors, aquarelles,  colors  in  cakes,  in  bladders,  in  tubes,  and  in  shells;  instruments  used  by 
painters,  designers,  gravers,  and  modelers ; specimens  of  paper  work,  lamp-shades,  lanterns, 
flower-pots,  etc. 

Class  8,  (Palace  Gallery  2.)— Specimens  of  Design  and  Plastic  Moulding  applied  in  the  Ordinary 
Indnstrial  designs;  designs  obtained,  reproduced,  or  reduced,  by  mechanical  means; 
decorative  paintings;  industrial  lithographs  or  engravings;  models  and  rough  sketches  of 
figures,  ornaments,  etc. ; sculptured  work,  cameos,  lockets,  and  various  objects  ornamented 
by  engraving;  industrial  medals,  moulded  by  machines;  reductions  and  photographs ; sculp- 
tures; various  objects  moulded. 

Class  9,  (Palace  Gallery  2.)— Proofs  and  Apparatus  of  Photography.— Photogravhj  on  paper, 
glass,  wood,  stuffs,  enamel ; heliographic  engravings,  lithographic  proofs,  photographic  ste- 
reotypes, stereoscopes  and  stereoscopic  proofs ; specimeus  obtained  by  amplification ; instru- 
ments, tools  and  materials  for  photography;  materials  and  apparatus  for  photographic 
work-shops. 

Class  10,  (Palace  Gallery  2.)— Instruments  of  Music.— Wind  instruments,  not  metallic,  with 
simple  openings,  with  wind-pipes,  with  reeds,  with  or  without  reservoirs  of  air ; metallic 
wind  instruments,  simple,  with  extensions,  slides,  pistons,  keys,  key-boards ; wind  instru- 
ments, with  key-boards,  organs,  accordeons;  instruments  with  cords  for  compression,  or  for 


5 


2G 


the  bow,  without  key-boards ; iustruments  with  cords  ar.d  key-boards,  pianos,  etc. ; instru  - 
ments  for  percussion  or  friction;  aiuoinatic  instruments,  organs  of  Barbary,  serinettes,  etc.; 
detached  pieces  and  apparatus  for  orchestras. 

Class  11,  (Palace  Gallery  2.) — Apparatus  and  Instruments  of  the  Medical  Art. Materials  and 

instruments  for  dressing  wounds,  sores,  and  for  inferior  surgery;  instruments  for  medical 
explorations;  materials  and  instruments  for  surgery;  trusses  and  cases  of  instruments; 
cases  of  medicaments  intended  especially  for  army  surgeons,  navy  surgeons,  veterinary  sur- 
geons, dentists,  oculists,  etc. ; apparatus  for  restoring  sensation,  general  or  local ; apparatus 
(mechanical  or  plastic)  de  prothese,  (the  substitution  of  parts  or  members;)  apparatus  for 
deformities,  ruptures,  etc. ; various  apparatus  for  the  sick,  infirm,  deranged ; accessory 
objects  used  in  the  medical  and  surgical  service,  in  pharmaceutics,  and  in  hospitals  and 
infirmaries. 

Materials  for  anatomical  researches;  apparatus  for  researches  in  medico-legal  practice; 
special  materials  for  veterinary  medicine;  apparatus  for  baths,  medical  baths,  &c; 
apparatus  for  the  physical  exercise  of  children,  for  healthful  and  medical  gymnastics,  «S:c. ; 
apparatus  for  aid  to  the  wounded  on  the  field  of  battle,  ambulances,  civil  and  military,  for 
armies  on  land  and  at  sea. 

Apparatus  for  aid  to  the  drowning,  suffocating,  fainting,  etc. 

Class  12.— Instruments  of  Precision,  and  Apparatus  for  Instruction  in  Science. — Instruments 
used  in  practical  geometry,  compasses,  noicrometers,  levels,  micromatic  lenses,  calculating 
machines,  etc. 

Apparatus  and  instruments  for  surveying,  for  topography,  for  land  measuring,  for  astronomy, 
etc. ; apparatus  for  various  observations ; apparatus  and  instruments  of  the  arts  of  precision, 
weights  and  measures  of  different  countries,  moneys,  medals,  etc.;  balances;  instruments 
for  physical  observations,  meteorology,  etc.;  optical  instruments ; apparatus  for  instruction 
in  physical  science,  in  elementary  geometry,  descriptive  geometry,  solids  and  mechanics. 

Models  and  instruments  for  instruction  in  the  industrial  arts  in  general ; collections  tor  instruc- 
tion in  natural  sciences ; figures  and  models  for  instruction  in  medical  science,  fiexible  ana- 
tomical models,  etc. 

Class  13,  (Palace  Gallery  2.)— Geography,  Cosmography,  Apparatus,  Maps,  Charts,  etc. — Maps 
and  atlases,  topographical,  geographical,  geological,  hydrological,  astronomical,  etc- ; marine 
charts,  physical  charts  of  all  sorts,  flat  and  in  relief;  celestial  and  terrestrial  globes  and 
spheres ; apparatus  for  the  study  of  cosmography. 

Statistical  works,  tables,  tables  and  ephemerides,  for  astronomers  and  mariners. 

Third  group. — (Palace  Gallery  3.) — Furniture  and  other  objects  used 

IN  DWELLINGS. 

Class  I'i.— Rich  Furnishings. — Sideboards,  bookcases,  toilettes,  beds,  sofas,  seats,  billiards,  etc. 

Class  15,  (Palace  Gallery  Z.)— Upholstery  and  Decorative  For*.— Bedding,  covered  seats, 
canopies,  curtains,  hangings  in  tapestry  and  in  stuffs;  furniture  and  decorative  objects 
in  stone  and  other  valuable  materials;  decorations  moulded  in  paste,  in  piaster,  in 
pasteboard;  decorative  painting,  frames,  furniture;  decorative  ornaments  for  religious 
service. 

Class  1C,  (Palace  Gallery  Z.)— Crystals,  Rich  Glassware  and  GZazingr.— Goblets  in  crystal,  cut- 
glass,  double  crystal,  mounted  crystal,  etc.;  glass  for  windows,  furniture  and  mirrors; 
glass  figured,  enameled,  crackled,  filigraned;  optical  crystals;  ornamental  glass-painted 
windows. 

Class  17,  (Palace  Gallery  Z.)— Porcelain,  Faience,  and  other  Poperies.— Biscuit,  hard  and  tender 
porcelains;  fi-,  e earthenware,  glazed  and  colored;  biscuit  of  faience,  terre  cuite,  enameled 
lavas;  stoneware. 

Class  18,  (Palace  Gallery  Z.)— Carpets,  Hangings,  and  other  Furniture  Pisswes.— Carpets,  Wilton 
carpets,  velvet  tapestries;  carpets  of  felt,  of  cloth,  of  clippings  of  wool,  silk,  or  floss  silk,  of 
mat-weed,  of  India-rubber;  furniture  tissues  of  cotton,  wool,  silk,  hair,  vegetable  leather, 
moleskin,  leather  hangings  and  coverings,  oil-cloths,  etc. 

Class  19,  (Palace  Gallery  Z.)— Painted  Paper.— Papers  printed  on  blocks  with  rollers,  with 
machines,  papers  velveted,  marbled,  veined,  etc. ; pasteboards,  book-covers,  etc.;  paper  for 
artistic  uses,  spring  blinds,  etc.,  painted  or  printed. 

Class  20,  (Palace  Gallery  3,)— UMtiery— Knives,  penknives,  razors,  scissors,  etc. 


27 

Class  21,  (Palace  Gallery  3.)— GoWworfe.— Goldwork  for  religious  sei-vice,  for  table  use  aud  orna- 
ment, for  toilettes,  bureaus,  etc. 

Class  22,  (Palace  Gallery  S.)— Bronzes,  various  artistic  castings,  and  works  in  pressed  metals.— 
Stntues  and  bas-reliefs  in  bronze,  in  cast  iron,  in  zinc;  decoi-ative  and  ornamental  bronzes; 
imitations  of  bronze  castings  in  zinc ; castings  coated  with  metallic  coverings  by  the  galvanic 
process;  repousses  in  lead,  zinc,  copper,  etc. 

Class  23,  (Palace  Gallery  5.)— Clocks  and  Clockwork. — Separate  pieces  of  clockwork ; spring  clocks, 
pendulum  clocks,  electrical  clocks,  watches,  chronometers,  regulators,  second  counters, 
apparatuses  for  measuring  time,  hour-glasses,  sand-glasses,  clepsydras,  etc. 

Class  24,  (Palace  Gallery  Z.)— Apparatus  and  methods  of  Warming  and  Lighting.— 'Fir 

chimneys,  stoves,  furnaces,  caloriferes,  accessory  objects ; apparatus  for  heating  by  gas,  by 
hot  water,  by  hotair;  apparatus  for  ventilating  and  for  drying,  stoves;  enameled  lamps, 
blowpipes,  portable  forges ; lamps  for  oil — mineral,  vegetable,  or  animal;  other  accessories 
of  lighting ; apparatus  for  lighting  by  gas ; photo-electrical  lamps ; apparatus  for  lighting  by 
magnetism. 

Class  25,  (Palace  Gallery  3.)— Per/rtmery.— Cosmetics  and  pomatums,  perfumed  oils,  perfumed 
essences,  liquid  extracts,  scents,  aromatic  vinegars,  almond  paste,  powders,  pastiles  and 
scent-bags,  combustible  perfumes,  toilette  soaps. 

Class  26,  (Palace  Gallery  Z.)— Fancy  Articles,  Toys,  Basket-work. — Small  fancy  articles  of  furni- 
ture, liquor  cases,  glove  boxes,  caskets,  lacquer  work,  dressing  cases,  work-boxes,  screens , 
pocket-books,  purses,  portfolios,  cigar  cases,  memorandums ; articles  of  check -work ; articles 
turned,  sculptured,  engraved,  of  wood,  of  ivory,  in  shell,  snuflf-boxes,  pipes,  combs,  brushes, 
corbeilles,  and  fancy  baskets ; basket-work,  esparto-work. 

Fourth  Group. — (Palace  Gallery  4.) — Garments,  Tissues  for  Clothing 

AND  OTHER  ARTICLES  OF  WEARING  APPAREL. 

Class  21.— Yarn  and  Tissues  of  Cotton. — Cotton,  prepared  and  spun ; tissues  of  cotton,  plain  and 
figured ; tissues  of  mixed  cotton ; cotton  velvets,  tapes,  etc. 

Class  28,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— Pam,  and  Tissues  of  Linen,  Hemp,  etc.— Flax,  hemp,  and  other 
vegetable  fibres  spun;  linen  and  ticking;  cambric,  tissues  of  thread,  mixed  cotton  and 
silk;  tissues  of  vegetable  fibres,  which  may  be  substituted  for  linen  and  hemp. 

Class  29,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— Fam  and  Tissues  of  Combed  IFoot.— Combed  wools,  tissues  of 
combed  wools,  mousselines,  cashmeres,  Scotch  cashmeres,  serges,  etc. ; galoonsof  wool,  mixed 
with  cotton,  or  thread,  or  silk,  or  fioss;  tissues  of  hair,  plain  and  mixed. 

Class  30,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— Fams  and  Tissues  of  Carded  Wool. — Carded  wool  and  yarn  of 
carded  wool;  cloths  and  other  tissues  of  wool,  carded  and  fulled;  blankets,  felts  of  wool  or 
of  hair,  for  carpets,  hats,  socks;  tissues  of  wool  carded  and  not  fulled  or  slightly  fulled,  fian- 
nels,  tartans,  etc. 

Class  31 — Silk  and  Tissues  of  Silk. — Silks,  raw  or  milled,  silk  or  fioss  thread  or  yam,  tissues  of 
silk,  plain  and  figured ; silk  stuffs  mixed  with  gold,  silver,  cotton  or  wool ; tissues  of  floss 
silk,  pure  or  mixed ; velvets,  plushes,  ribbons  of  silk,  pure  or  mixed. 

Class  32,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— Shawls  of  wool,  pure  or  mixed;  shawls  of  sUk  and  of 
cashmere. 

Class  33,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— Laces,  Embroideries,  and  Trimmings  for  Clothing,  Military  Cloth- 
ing, Furniture,  Carriages,  Harness,  etc.— Laces  of  thread  or  cotton,  made  with  the  lace  spindle, 
needle,  or  machines;  lace  of  silk,  wool,  or  of  goats’  hair;  gold  or  silver  lace;  tulle  of  silk  or 
cotton,  plain  or  figured ; tambour-work,  crotchet-work,  etc. ; embroideries  in  gold,  in  silver, 
in  silk,  in  thread ; tapestry  embroideries,  and  other  handwork ; trimmings  of  silk,  floss,  wool, 
goats’  hair,  hair,  thread,  and  cotton;  laces,  military  trimmings,  fine  and  coarse. 

Class  34,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— Hosiery,  Linen,  and  other  articles  of  Clothing. — Stockings  of  cotton, 
thread,  wool,  cashmere,  silk  and  floss,  pure  or  mixed;  garments  of  linen  for  men,  women, 
children,  baby-lmen;  garments  of  flannel,  and  other  tissues  of  wool;  corsets;  cravats; 
gloves;  gaiters;  fans;  screens;  umbrellas;  parasols;  canes,  etc. 

Class  35,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— Clothing  for  Men,  Women,  and  Children. — Garments  for  men;  gar- 
ments for  women ; coift'ures  for  men  and  women,  wigs  and  hair-work ; boots  and’  shoes ; 
children’s  clothes;  professional  garments. 

Class  36,  (Palace  Gallery  4.) — Jewelry  and  precious  ornaments. — Ornaments  of  gold,  platinum, 
silver  and  aluminum,  chiseled  in  filagree,  or  set  with  fine  stones,  etc. 


28 


Diamonds;  precious  stones ; pearls  and  imitations. 

Class  37,  (Palace  Gallery  4.)— PortaWe  Jlrwor.— Defensive  arms — bucklers,  shields,' cuirasses, 
casques;  oflensive  arms — war  clubs,  maces,  bludgeons,  battle-axes,  etc. ; foils,  swords,  sabres 
bayonets,  lances,  hatchets,  hunting-knives,  bows,  cross-bows,  slings. 

Fire-arms— muskets,  carbines,  pistols,  revolvers;  accessory  articles— powder  flasks,  bullet 
moulds;  projectiles,  oblong,  spherical,  hollow,  explosive;  percussion  caps,  primings, 
cartridges. 

Class  38,  (Palace  Gallery  4.) — Articles  for  Traveling  and  for  Encampment. — Trunks,  valises,  sacks, 
bags,  etc. ; dressing  cases,  trusses,  etc. ; various  articles,  coverings,  cushions,  coifiTures,  cos- 
tumes, shoes,  walking  sticks,  parasols,  etc. 

Portable  articles  for  traveling  and  scientific  expeditions : photographic  apparatus,  instruments 
for  meteorological  and  astronomical  observations ; necessaries  for  geologists,  mineralogists, 
naturalists,  pioneer  settlers ; tent  and  camp  articles;  military  tent  furniture— beds,  ham- 
mocks, folding  seats,  canteens,  mills,  ovens,  etc. 

Class  39,  (Palace  Gallery  A)— Toys  and  Gewgaws. — Dolls  and  playthings ; figures  in  wax;  plays 
for  children  and  for  adults;  instructive  playthings. 


Fifth  Ghoup,  (Palace  Gallery  5.) — Products,  Wrought  and  Un wrought, 
OF  Extractive  Industries. 

Class  40.— Products  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy. — Collections  and  specimens  of  rocks,  ores  and 
minerals;  ornamental  stones,  marbles,  serpentines,  onyx,  and  other  h -rd  stones;  materials 
diflacult  of  fusion ; earths  and  clays ; various  mineral  products,  raw  sulphur,  rock  salt,  saD 
from  springs,  bitumens  and  petroleums;  samples  of  combustible,  raw,  and  carbonized 
agglomerations  of  pit  coal ; raw  metals,  pig  iron,  iron,  steel,  copper,  lead,  silver,  zinc,  etc. ; 
metallic  alloys;  products  of  puddlers,  of  refiners  of  precious  metals,  of  gold-beaters,  etc. 

Products  of  electro-metallurgy,  objects  coated  with  gold,  silver,  copper,  steel,  etc.,  by  the  gal- 
vanoplastic  method. 

Products  of  the  elaboration  of  raw  metals,  moulded  castings,  bells,  iron  of  commerce,  iron  for 
special  uses,  sheet  iron,  tin,  extra  plates  for  constructions  and  for  plating  ships;  sheet  cop- 
per, lead  and  zinc ; wrought  metals,  forge  work,  heavy  work  for  gates,  fences,  etc. ; wheels, 
tires,  tubes  without  solder,  chains,  etc.  ^ 

Products  of  wire-mills,  needles,  pins,  trellis  work,  metallic  tissues,  perforated  plates ; hard- 
ware ; edge  tools ; ironmongery ; copper,  brass,  plate  and  tin  wares ; wrought  metal  of  vari- 
ous kinds. 

Class  41,  (Palace  GaWery  5.)— Products  of  the  Forest.— Specimens  of  different  species  o^  wood; 
wood  for  cabinet  work,  and  for  building;  fire-wood,  wood  for  ship-work,  for  walking  sticks, 
for  splintering ; corks ; textile  barks ; tanning,  coloring,  odoriferous  and  resinous  substances, 
products  of  forest  industry;  roasted  and  carbonized  wood;  crude  potash;  articles  of  cooper- 
age, basket-work,  mat-work;  sabots,  etc. 

Class  42,  (Palace  Gallery  5.)— Products  of  Hunting  and  Fisheries,  and  Collections  of  Natural 
Groict^.— Collections  and  drawings  of  terrestrial  and  amphibious  animals,  of  birds,  of  eggs, 
fish,  cetacea,  Crustacea,  mollusks. 

Products  of  hunting— furs,  peltries,  hair,  fine  and  coarse,  feathers,  down,  horns,  teeth,  ivory, 
bones,  shells,  musk,  castoreum,  and  similar  products. 

Products  of  fisheries— whale  oil,  spermaceti,  whale-bone,  ambergris,  shells  of  mollusks,  pearl, 
mother-of-pearl,  corals,  sponges,  sepia,  purple,  etc. 

Collections  from  natural  growth— champignons ; truffles ; wild  fruits ; lichens  for  dyeing,  for 
food,  and  for  fodder;  saps  fermented;  Peruvian  bark,  useful  barks  and  filaments;  wax; 
resinous  gums;  caoutchouc;  guttapercha,  etc. 

Class  43,  (Palace  Gallery  b.)— Agricultural  Products  {not  used  for  food)  of  Easy  Preservation.— 

Textile  materials— raw  cotton;  linen  and  hemp,  dressed  and  not  dressed;  vegetable  textile 
fibres  of  all  sorts;  wool  in  fieece;  cocoons  of  silk-worm. 

Products  of  agriculture  used  in  manufactures,  pharmacy  and  domestic  economy — oleaginous 
plants,  oils,  wax,  resins,  tobacco,  tinder,  substances  for  tanning  and  for  tinting;  fodder  and 
provender  preserved. 

Class  44,  (Palace  Gallery  b.)— Chemical  and  Pharmaceutical  Products.— Adds,,  alkalies,  salts  of 
all  kinds,  marine  salt,  spring  salt. 


29 


Various  chemical  products— wax,  soap,  candles,  matters  for  perfumery,  resins,  tar  waters, 
essences,  varnishes,  coatings,  waxings;  manufactures  of  caoutchouc,  of  gutta-percha;  sub- 
stances for  dyes  and  colors. 

Natural  and  artificial  mineral  waters— gas  waters,  elementary  pharmaceutic  substances,  simple 
and  compound  medicaments. 

Class  45,  (Palace  Gallery  6.) — Specimens  of  the  Chemical  Methods  of  Bleaching  and  Dyeing,  of 
Stamping  and  Preparations. — Samples  of  yarn  and  tissues,  dyed;  samples  of  preparations 
for  dyeing;  linens,  printed  and  dyed;  tissues  of  printed  cotton,  pure  and  mixed;  tissues  of 
printed  woolens,  pure  and  mixed,  combed  or  carded;  tissues  of  printed  silks,  pure  or  mixed; 
printed  carpets,  of  felt  or  cloth ; linens,  painted  or  waxed. 

Class  46,  (Palace  Gallery  5.)— Leather  and  -SAws— Elementary  matters  employed  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  skins  and  leather ; hides,  green  and  salt ; leather,  tanned,  curried,  prepared  and  dyed ; 
varnished  leather ; morocco  and  sheep-skins;  Hungary  leather;  chamois  skins,  dressed  with 
the  hair  or  wool  on ; preparations  and  dyes ; skins  prepared  for  gloves ; peltry  and  furs  pre- 
pared and  dyed;  parchments. 

Articles  of  membrane  work,  cords  for  mxisical  instruments,  gold-beaters’  skins,  tendons  of 
cattle,  etc. 

Sixth  Group,  (Palace  Gallery  6.) — Instruments  and  Processes  of  Com- 
mon Arts. 

Class  47. — Apparatus  and  Methods  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy. — Apparatus  for  boring  for  artesian 
wells  and  large  wells ; machines  for  drilling  in  mines,  for  digging  coal,  and  for  quarrying 
stone  and  breaking  up  rocks. 

Apparatus  for  drawing  electricity  from  mines. 

Models,  plans  and  views  of  works  and  labor  in  mines  and  quarries ; ladders  for  mines,  worked 
by  machines;  machinery  for  lifting  from  mines;  machines  for  exhausting  and  pumping; 
apparatus  for  airing;  ventilators,  safety  lamps,  etc.;  photo-electric  lamps;  apparatus  for 
safety  parachutes;  signals. 

Apparatus  for  the  mechanical  preparation  of  minerals ; apparatus  for  the  agglomeration  o 
combustibles. 

Apparatus  for  carbonizing  combustibles;  furnaces  and  hearths  for  metals;  apparatus  for  con- 
suming smoke ; machines  for  metallic  works ; special  apparatus  for  forges  and  foundries ; 
electro-metallurgic  apparatus ; apparatus  for  the  working  of  metals  in  all  forms. 

Class  48,  (Palace  Gallery  6.)— Implements  and  Processes  of  Rural  and  Forest  FbrA:.— Plans  of 
cultivation;  divisions  by  nature  of  the  soil;  requisite  manures  and  successions  of  crops 
adapted  to  each;  materials  and  methods  of  agricultural  engineering;  surface  draining; 
under  draining;  irrigation. 

Plans  and  models  of  rural  buildings ; tools,  implements,  machines  and  apparatus  for  preparing 
the  ground  for  sowing,  planting  and  harvesting ; for  preserving  and  preparing  the  products 
of  agriculture ; materials  for  carts,  wagons  and  apparatus  for  agricultural  and  rural  trans- 
portation, for  training  and  managing  horses,  etc. 

Fertilizing  substances,  organic  or  mineral. 

Apparatus  for  the  chemical  and  physical  study  of  soils. 

- Plans  for  replanting,  cultivating  and  managing  forests ; implements  of  forest  work. 

Class  49,  (Palace  Gallery  6.) — Apparatus  and  Instruments  for  Hunting,  Fishing,  and  for  Col- 
lecting Natural  Products.— -Kims,  traps,  snares,  machines  and  equipments  for  hunting;  fish- 
lines, fish-hooks,  harpoons,  nets,  apparatus  and  bait  for  fishing;  apparatus  and  instruments 
for  gathering  products  obtained  without  cultivation. 

Class  50,  (Palace  GaWstry  &.)— -Materials  and  Methods  of  Agricultural  Works  and  of  Alimentary 
Zndttstry.— Apparatus  for  agricultural  work,  making  manures,  making  pipes  for  drainage, 
dairies,  corn  and  fiour  trade,  disposal  of  fecula,  making  starch,  oil,  brewing,  distilling, 
making  sugar,  refining  sugar ; works  for  preparing  textile  fibres,  silk-worm  nurseries,  etc. 

Apparatus  for  the  preparation  of  food,  bread-kneaders,  and  mechanical  ovens  for  bakers; 
utensils  for  pastry  and  confectionery. 

Apparatus  for  making  dough,  for  sea-biscuit,  for  chocolate,  for  roasting  coflTee,  for  ices  and 
sorbets,  and  for  making  ice. 

Class  51,  (Palace  Gallery  6.)— Chemical,  Pharmaceutic  and  Tanning  Apparates.— Apparatus  and 
utensils  for  laboratories ; apparatus  and  instruments  for  tests  and  experiments  in  industry 
and  commerce. 


30 


Machines  and  utensils  used  in  the  manufacture  of  chemical  products,  soaps,  candles  etc.  • 
apparatus  and  processes  for  making  essences,  varnish  and  objects  of  caoutchouc  and  gutta- 
percha. 

Machines  and  apparatus  for  gas-works ; machines  and  methods  for  bleaching ; machines  and 
preparations  of  pharmaceutic  products ; machines  and  tools  for  work-shops,  for  tanning  and 
dressing  leather. 

Machines  and  apparatus  for  glass-works  and  potteries. 

Class  52,  (Palace  Gallery  &.)— Motors,  Generators  and  Mechanical  Apparatus  especially  adapted  to 
the  uses  of  the  Exhibition.— RoWexs,  and  steam  generators,  with  safety  apparatuses ; steam- 
pipes  and  accessory  objects ; shafts,  fixed  and  movable ; pulleys  and  belts ; means  of  starting 
and  stopping,  shifting  and  regulating  the  movements  of  machinery ; motors  for  furnishing 
water  and  the  necessary  motive  power  in  the  difterent  parts  of  the  palace  and  park. 

Cranes  and  all  sorts  of  apparatus  proposed  for  the  handling  of  packages  and  objects  in  the 
palace  and  grounds ; rails  and  turn-tables  proposed  for  use  in  the  palace  and  park. 

Class  53,  (Palace  Gallery  6.) — Machines  and  Mechanical  Apparatus  in  general. Detached  pieces 

of  machinery,  supports,  rollers,  slides,  eccentrics,  cog-wheels,  conuecting  rods,  parallelo- 
grams, joints,  belts,  systems  of  ropes,  etc.;  mechanism  for  changing  the  gear  of  machinery, 
clicks,  etc. ; movement  regulators  and  moderators;  greasing  apparatus. 

Indicators  and  registers,  dynamometers,  manometers,  weighing  apparatus,  gauges  and  appara- 
tus for  gauging  liquids  and  gases ; machines  for  handling  heavy  objects,  hydraulic  elevators, 
pumps,  water-wheels,  rams,  etc. ; wheel  and  chain  buckets  for  irrigation,  reservoirs,  wheels 
wheels  with  vertical  shaft,  machines. a colonne  d’eau.  (water-pressures;)  steam  machinery, 
boilers,  generators,  and  accessory  apparatus,  condensers ; machines  moved  by  the  vapor  of 
ether,  chloroform,  ammoniac,  or  by  combined  vapors. 

Gas  engines,  air  engines,  compressed  air  engines ; electro-magnetic  motors,  wind-mills,  etc. ; 
aerostats. 

Class  .54,  ^Palace  Gallery  6.) — Machine  Tools. — Machine  tools  for  preparatory  wood-work ; turning 
lathes;  planing  and  boring  machines;  mortising,  piercing  and  cutting  machines;  screw-cut- 
ting,  nut-cutting  and  riveting  machines ; various  tools  belonging  to  the  yards  of  mechanical 
constructors. 

Tools,  machines  and  apparatus  used  in  pressing,  crushing,  mixing,  sawing,  polishing,  etc. ; 
special  machine  tools  for  various  uses. 

Class  55,  (Palace  Q-Mery  6.)— Apparatus  and  Methods  of  Spinning  and  Rope-making.— A-ppar&tUB 
for  hand-spinning ; detached  parts  of  spinning  machines ; machines  and  apparatus  for  pre- 
paring and  spinning  textile  materiel. 

Apparatus  and  methods  adapted  to  the  complementary  operations,  such  as  drawing  out,  wind- 
ing off,  twisting,  milling,  dressing,  etc. 

Apparatus  for  classifying  and  determining  the  condition  of  the  threads. 

Apparatus  of  rope-yards ; round,  flat  and  diminishing  cables,  rope  and  twine,  "wire  cables,  cables 
with  metallic  center,  fuses,  quick-matcbes,  etc. 

Class  56,  (Palace  Gallery  6.)— Apparatus  and  Methods  of  TFeariugr. —Preparatory  apparatus  for 
weaving;  machinery  for  warping  and  for  bobbins;  glazing  and  smoothing;  ordinary  and 
power  looms  for  plain  tissues  and  for  flgured  tissues;  loom  reeds;  electrical  looms;  carpet 
and  tapestry  looms ; mesh  looms  for  hosiery  and  tulle ; apparatus  for  making  lace,  for  fringes 
and  for  trimmings ; looms  for  high  warping  and  methods  of  shuttling ; accessory  apparatus, 
calenders,  crimping,  weaving,  measuring  and  folding  machines,  etc. 

Class  57,  (Palace  Gallery  &.)— Apparatus  and  Processes  of  Sewing  and  Making  Clothes. — Ordinary 
instruments  for  cutting,  and  sewing,  and  making ; machines  for  sewing,  quilting  and  embroi- 
dering ; tools  for  c\itting  up  stuffs  and  leather  for  clothes,  shoes,  etc. ; machines  for  screwing, 
nailing  and  making  shoes  and  boots. 

Class  58,  (Palace  Gallery  6.)— Apparatus  and  Methods  of  imaking  Furniture  and  Household 
05^'ccts.— Machines  for  veneering;  saws  for  cutting  in  profile,  etc. ; machines  for  mouldings 
and  frames,  for  ornamental  floor  work  and  furniture  work,  etc. ; turning  lathes,  and  various 
apparatus  for  joiners’  and  cabinet-makers’  shops;  machines  for  pressing  and  stamping; 
machines  and  apparatus  for  working  in  stucco,  in  paste-board,  in  ivory,  in  bone,  in  horn; 
machines  for  pointing,  sculpturing  and  reducing  statues,  and  for  engraving  and  chasing. 
Machines  for  sawing  and  polishing  hard  stones,  marble,  etc. 

Class  59,  (Palace  GviMevy  a.)— Apparatus  and  Methods  of  Paper-making,  Coloring  and  Stamping. — 
Apparatus  for  stamping  paper,  colors  and  tissues;  machines  for  engraving  cylinders;  appara- 
tus for  bleaching,  coloring,  preparing  paper  aud  tissues;  apparatus  for  making  paper  in  vats 


31 


and  by  machines ; apparatus  for  crimping,  ruling,  glazing  and  pressing  paper ; machines  for 
cutting,  paring  and  stamping  paper,  etc. ; apparatus  and  materials  for  letter  casting,  stereo- 
typing, etc. 

Machines  and  apparatus  employed  in  stereotyping,  mezzotinting,  autography,  lithography, 
chalcography,  paniconography,  chromo-lithography,  etc. ; printing  of  postage  stamps;  ma- 
. chines  for  composing  and  for  classifying  letters. 

Class  60,  (Palace  Gallery  6.)— Machinery,  Instruments  and  Methods  used  in  various  Works.— 

Machinery  for  stamping  money,  for  making  buttons,  pens,  pins,  envelops,  brushes,  cards,  cap- 
sules, for  loading  merchandise,  and  for  corking  and  capping  bottles. 

Tools  and  methods  of  making  lock-works,  toys,  ornamental  boxes,  baskets,  etc. 

Class  61,  (Palace  Gallery  6.)— Carriage  and  Cart  IFor*.— Separate  pieces  of  carriage  and  cart 
work,  wheels,  bands,  axles,  wheel-boxes,  tires,  etc. ; springs,  and  various  methods  of  sus- 
pension, systems  of  tackling  and  brakes;  specimens  of  carts  and  vehicles  for  special  uses, 
public  carriages,  private  carriages,  state  carriages,  hand  carriages,  litters,  sleighs  and  veloci- 
pedes. 

Class  62,  (Palace  GaUery  6 )— Harness-work  and  (Saddler?/.— Articles  of  harness-work,  buckles, 
ornaments,  etc. 

Saddles,  donkey  saddles,  cacolet ; harness  and  bridles  for  riding,  harness  for  draught,  stirru  ps, 
spurs,  whips,  etc. 

Class  63,  (Palace  Gallery  6.)— Materials  for  Railroads  and  Cars.— Separate  pieces,  springs,  buf- 
fers, brakes,  etc. 

Fixed  materials,  rails,  chairs,  splices,  switches,  turn-tables,  tenders,  watering  cranes,  reser- 
voirs, signals  for  sight  and  sound ; rolling  materials,  wagons  for  earth-work,  for  merchandis  e, 
for  cattle,  for  travelers. 

Locomotives,  tenders,  etc. ; machinery  and  tools  of  work-shops,  for  repairs  and  reconstruc  - 
tions. 

Material  and  machines  for  inclined  planes  and  self-working  inclin  es. 

Material  and  machines  for  atmospheric  railways ; models  of  machinery ; systems  of  traction, 
apparatus  applicable  to  iron  roads ; models,  plans  and  drawings  of  termini,  stations,  sh  eds 
and  out-houses,  necessary  to  railways. 

Class  64,  (Palace  Gallery  &.)— Apparatus  and  Methods  of  Telegraphing. — Telegraphic  apparatus, 
based  on  the  transmission  of  light,  sound,  etc. 

Apparatus  of  the  electrical  telegraph,  supports,  conductors,  tighteners,  electrical  batteries; 
apparatus  for  sending  and  receiving  dispatches;  bells  and  electrical  signals;  accessory 
objects  for  the  service ; lightning-rods,  commutators,  prepared  papers  for  printing,  and  auto- 
graphic transmissions ; special  apparatus  for  submarine  telegraphs. 

Class  65,  (Palace  Gallery  Q.)— Materials  and  Methods  adapted  to  Civil  Engineering,  Public  Works, 
aiid  Architecture.— Materials  for  building,  wood,  metals,  ornamental  stones,  lime,  mortar, 
cements,  artificial  stone,  beton,  tiles,  brick,  slate,  paste-board  and  felt,  for  roofing. 

Materials  and  specimens  of  preserved  wood,  apparatus  and  methods  of  testing  materials; 
materials  of  works  for  embankments,  excavating  machines;  apparatus  for  stone-cutters’ 
yards ; tools  and  methods  for  draughtsmen,  stone-cutters,  masons,  carpenters,  roofers,  tilers, 
slaters,  locksmiths,  joiners,  glaziers,  plumbers,  honse-painters,  etc. 

Ornamental  iron-work,  locks,  padlocks,  railings,  balconies,  danisters,  etc. 

Materials  and  machines  for  foundation  work,  pile-drivers,  piles,  screw-posts,  pumps,  pneu- 
matic apparatus,  dredging  machines,  etc. ; machines  for  hydraulic  work,  sea-ports,  canals, 
rivers,  etc.;  materials  and  apparatus  used  in  water-works  and  gas-works;  materials  for 
repairing  roads,  plantations  and  public  works. 

Models,  plans  and  drawings  of  public  works,  bridges,  viaducts,  aqueducts,  sewers,  canal 
bridges,  etc. 

Light-houses,  public  monuments  for  special  purposes,  private  buildings,  hotels  and  houses  to 
let,  workmen’s  residences,  etc. 

Class  66,  (Palace  Gallery  Q.)— Navigation  and  fi'aZwage.— Drawings  and  models  of  ships,  docks, 
floating  docks,  etc. 

Drawings  and  models  of  all  kinds  of  vessels  for  river  and  maritime  navigation ; types  and 
models  adopted  by  the  navy;  apparatus  employed  in  navigation ; boats  and  various  craft; 
ship-chandlery;  flags,  sig-nals,  buoys,  beacons,  etc. ; materials  and  apparatus  for  swimming 
exercises,  for  diving  and  for  salvage;  floats,  diving  bells,  nautile  impermeable  clothing, 
submarine  boats,  apparatus  for  marine  salvage,  carrying  hawsers,  life-boats,  etc. 


Seventh  Group. — (Palace  Gallery  7.) — Food,  fresh  or  preserved,  in 

VARIOUS  STAGES  OF  PREPARATION. 

Class  67. — Cereals  and  other  Farinaceous  Edibles,  with  their  derivatives. — Wheat,  rye,  barley, 
maize,  rice,  millet,  and  other  cereals  in  grain  or  flour;  hulled  grain,  meal. 

Farina  of  potatoes,  rice,  lentils,  etc. ; glutens— tapioca,  sago,  arrowroot,  cassava,  maizena 
and  other  fecula ; specimens  of  mixed  meals,  etc. 

Italian  pastes,  semoull,  vermicelli,  macaroni;  alimentary  compositions  as  substitutes  for  bread 
ribbon,  vermicelli,  pulp,  domestic  pastes,  etc . 

Class  68.  (Palace  Gallery  1.)— Baking  and  Pastry  Cooking.— Yanons,  kinds  of  bread,  with  or  with- 
out yeast;  fancy  and  flgured  bread;  compressed  bread,  for  traveling,  campaigning,  etc.;  sea 
biscuits ; specimens  of  pastry  peculiar  to  every  nation ; gingerbread  and  dry  cakes  susceptible 
of  preservation. 

Class  69,  (Palace  Gallery  7.) — Fat  AlimerUary  Substances,-  Milk,  Eggs. — Fats  and  edible  oils,  fresh 
and  preserved  milk,  fresh  and  salt  butter,  cheese,  various  kinds  of  eggs. 

Class  70,  (Palace  Gallery  7.) — Meat  and  Fish. — Fresh  and  salt  meat  of  various  kinds;  meat 
preserved  by  difl'erent  methods;  cakes  of  meat,  and  portable  soup;  hams  and  preparations  of 
meat;  fowl  and  game;  fresh  and  salt  flsh;  barreled  fish;  codfish,  hen-ings,  etc. 

Fish  preserved  in  oil;  sardines,  pickled  lunny,  etc.;  Crustacea  and  shells;  lobsters,  prawns, 
oysters,  preserved  oysters,  anchovies,  etc. 

Class  71,  (Palace  Gallery  7.)— Vegetables  and  Fruit. — Tubers,  potatoes,  etc.;  dry  farinaceous 
vegetables,  beans,  lentils,  etc. ; green  vegetables  for  cooking,  cabbages,  etc. ; vegetable  roots, 
carrots,  turnips,  etc. ; spicy  vegetables,  onions,  garlic,  etc. 

Salad,  curcurbita,  pumpkins,  melons;  vegetables  preserved  in  salt,  vinegar,  or  by  acetic  fer- 
mentation, sauerkraut,  etc. ; vegetables  preserved  by  various  methods;  fresh  fruits,  dry  and 
prepared  fruits,  plums,  figs,  grapes,  etc. ; fruits  preserved  without  the  aid  of  sugar. 

Class  72,  (Palace  Gallery  7.)— Cowdmewts  and  Stimulants.  Sugars  and  Specimens  of  Confection- 
ery.— Spices,  pepper,  cinnamon,  pimento,  etc. ; table  salt,  vinegar,  compound  seasonings  and 
stimulants,  mustard,  curry,  English  sauces,  etc.;  tea,  cofi'ee,  and  aromatic  beverages; 
coffee  of  chiccory  and  sweet  acorns ; chocolate,  sugar  for  domestic  use,  sugar  of  grapes, 
milk,  etc. 

Various  specimens  of  confectionery,  comfits,  sugar  plums,  melting  plums,  nougats,  angelicas, 
aniseeds,  etc.;  sweetmeats  and  jellies,  preserved  fruits,  citrons,  cedras,  oranges,  apples, 
pineapples;  brandy  fruit,  sirups,  and  sugary  liquids. 

Class  73,  (Palace  Gallery  7.)— Fermented  Drinks. — Ordinary  red  and  white  wines,  sweet  and 
mulled  wines,  sparkling  wines,  cider,  perry,  and  other  drinks  extracted  from  fruit. 

Beer  and  other  drinks  drawn  from  cereals ; fermented  drinks,  drawn  from  vegetable  saps ; milk 
and  saccharine  substances  of  all  kinds;  brandy  and  alcohol;  spirituous  drinks,  gin,  rum, 
tafia,  kirschwasser,  etc. 

Eighth  Group. — Animals  and  specimens  of  agricultural  estab- 
lishments. 

Class  74,  (Park.)— of  Rural  Work  and  of  Agricultural  Establishments.— Types  of  rural 
buildings  of  various  countries;  materials  of  stables,  cow-houses,  ox-stalls,  kennels,  etc.; 
apparatus  for  preparing  food  for  animals,  agricultural  machinery  in  movement;  steaiq  plows, 
reapers,  mowers,  haymakers,  threshing  machines,  etc. 

Types  of  agricultural  manufactures,  distilleries,  sugar  mills,  refineries,  breweries,  flour  mills, 
fecula  and  starch  manufactures,  silkworm  nurseries,  etc. 

Presses  for  wine,  cider,  oil,  etc. 

Class  75,  (Park.)— Horses,  Donkeys,  Mules,  etc.— Animals  presented  as  characteristic  of  the  art  of 
breeding  in  all  countries;  specimens  of  stables. 

Class  76,  (Park.)— Oa;en,  Buffaloes,  etc.- Animals  presented  as  specimens  of  the  art  of  breeding  in 
each  country;  cow-houses  and  ox-stables. 

Class  77,  (Park.)— Sheep,  Goats.— Animals  presented  as  examples  of  the  art  of  breeding  in  each 
country;  types  of  sheepfolds,  pens,  and  similar  establishments. 

Class  78,  (Park.)— Smnc,  Rabbits,  etc.— Animals  presented,  etc. ; types  of  hog-pens,  and  struc- 
tures for  raising  animals  of  this  class. 

Class  79,  (Park.)—Powttry.— Animals  presented,  etc. ; types  of  poultry-houses,  dovecotes,  pheas- 
antries,  etc. ; apparatus  for  artificial  hatching. 


33 


Class  80,  Hunting  and  Watch  Dogrs.— Shepherds’  dogs,  hunting  dogs,  watch  dogs ; types 

of  kennels  and  apparatus  for  training. 

Class  81,  (Park.)— t7se/wi  Insects. — Bees,  silkworms,  and  various  hombyxes,  cochineal,  insects 
for  producing  lac,  etc. : apparatus  for  breeding  silkworms,  bees,  etc. 

Class  82,  (Park,)— Crustacea,  Mollusca — Living  aquatic  useful  animals;  aquariums,  appara- 
tus used  in  breeding  fish,  mollusca  and  leeches. 

Ninth  Group. — Live  products  and  specimens  op  horticultural 

ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Class  83,  (Park.)- Hot  Houses  and  Horticultural  Materials.— Hools  for  gardeners,  nurserymen,  and 
horticulturists;  apparatus  for  watering  and  for  dressing  grass  plots,  etc. 

Large  hot  houses  and  their  accessories;  small  green-houses  for  apartments  and  for  windows; 
aquariums  for  aquatic  plants ; water  jets  and  other  apparatus  for  ornamenting  gardens. 

Class  84,  (Park.)— PZowers  and  Ornamental  Plants. — Species  of  plants  and  specimens  of  cultiva- 
tion representing  the  characteristic  types  of  garden  and  house  plants  of  every  country. 

Class  85,  Kitchen  Garden  Plants.— Species  of  plants  and  specimens  of  cultivation  repre- 

senting the  characteristic  types  of  kitchen  gardens  in  all  countries, 

Class  86,  (Park.) — Fruit  Trees.— Species  of  plants  and  specimens  characteristic  of  the  orchards 
in  all  countries;  slips  of  forest  species. 

Class  87,  (Park.)— Needs  and  Useful  Forest  Plants.— Species  of  plants  and  specimens  of  culture 
indicating  the  methods  of  replanting  forests  in  diflerent  countries. 

Class  88  (Paris..)— Hot-house  Plants.— Specimens  of  the  cultme  of  various  countries,  with  a view 
to  utility  and  ornament. 

Tenth  Group. — Objects  exhibited  with  a special  view  to  the  ame- 
lioration OP  THE  MORAL  AND  PHYSICAL  CONDITION  OF  THE  POPULATION. 

Class  89,  (Palace  Gallery  2 — Park.)— ifatertals  and  Methods  of  Teaching  Children. — Plans  and 
models  of  school  houses,  of  school  furniture,  apparatus,  instruments,  models,  wall-maps, 
etc.,  desired  for  facilitating  the  teaching  of  children ; elementary  collections  suitable  for 
teaching  ordinary  science ; models  of  designs,  tables,  and  apparatus  suitable  for  teaching 
singing  and  music. 

Apparatus  and  tables  for  instructing  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  the  blind;  school-books,  atlases, 
maps,  pictures,  periodical  publications,  and  journals  for  education. 

Works  of  scholars  of  both  sexes. 

Class  90,  (Palace  Gallery  2 — P avis.)— Libraries  and  Materials  for  Instruction  of  Adults,  in  the 
Family.,  the  Workshop,  the  Commercial  and  Corporation  Neftoote.— Works  proper  for  family 
libraries,  for  the  masters  in  workshops,  cultivators,  commercial  teachers,  mariners,  traveling 
naturalists,  etc. 

Almanacs,  memorandum  books,  and  other  publications  suitable  for  traveling  venders. 

Materials  for  school  libraries,  commercial  libraries,  etc. 

Materials  for  the  technical  teaching  necessary  in  certain  manual  pursuits. 

Class  91,  (Palace  Galleries  3,  4,  and  1.)— Furniture,  Clothing  and  Food,  of  all  origins,  dis- 
tinguished for  useful  qualities,  united  with  cheapness.— Methodical  collection  of  objects 
enumerated  in  the  third,  fourth  and  seventh  groups,  supplied  to  commerce  by  large  factories 
or  by  master-workmen,  and  specially  recommended  by  their  adaptation  to  good  domestic 
economy. 

Note. — The  price  and  place  of  sale  should  be  indicated  on  each  object. 

Class  92,  (Palace  Gallery  A.)— Specimens  of  Popular  Costumes  of  Different  ComiWes.— Method- 
ical collection  of  costumes  of  both  sexes,  for  all  ages,  and  for  pursuits  the  most  characteristic 
of  each  country. 

Note. — Choice  should  be  made  of  costumes  best  adapted  to  the  respective  climate,  profes- 
sion and  peculiar  tastes  of  each  people,  and  which,  in  these  respects,  are  most  in  harmony 
in  each  country  with  national  traditions.  These  costumes  will  be  exhibited,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, on  lay-figures. 


6 


34 


Class  93,  (^slv^.)— Specimens  of  Habitations  characterized  by  Cheapness,  uniting  Sanitary  con~ 
ditions  and  Comfort. — Types  of  habitations  for  families,  suitable  for  various  classes  of  laborers 
in  each  country. 

Types  of  habitations  proposed  for  workmen  belonging  to  manufactories  in  the  suburbs  or  in  the 
country. 

Class  94,  (Palace  and  Park. )— ProcZwcts  of  all  Sorts  made  by  Master-workmen — Methodical 
collection  of  products  enumerated  in  preceding  groups,  made  by  workmen  who  work  on 
their  own  account,  either  alone  or  with  their  families  or  an  apprentice,  for  sale  or  for  domes- 
tic use. 

Note. — Such  products  only  will  be  admitted  into  this  class  as  are  distinguished  for  their  own 
qualities,  novelty,  perfection  of  the  method  of  work,  or  by  the  useful  influence  this  kind  of 
work  may  exercise  on  the  moral  and  physical  condition  of  the  people. 

Class  95,  (Palace  Gallery  6— Park.) — Inatuments  gand  Methods  of  Work  peculiar  to  Master-work- 
men.— Instruments  and  processes  (enumerated  in  sixth  group)  employed  habitually  by  work- 
men working  on  their  own  account,  or  specially  adapted  to  work  done  in  the  family  or  in 
the  family  circle. 

Manual  works  which  display  in  a striking  manner  dexterity,  intelligence  or  taste  of  the 
workman. 

Manual  works  which  from  various  causes  have  most  successfully  resisted  the  competition  of 
machines. 

After  the  adoption  and  promulgation  of  the  foregoing,  a “ l^ew 
Order  of  Recompenses”  was  established  by  Imperial  decree  in 
favor  of  those  persons,  establishments  or  communities  who,  by  an 
organization  or  special  institutions,  have  developed  entire  harmony 
among  those  who  are  engaged  in  the  same  work,  and  have  assured 
to  the  laborers  material,  moral  and  intellectual  welfare.* 

*The  General  Eegulations,  embracing  the  system  of  classification,  special  dispositions  con- 
cerning works  of  art  and  the  productions  of  agriculture  and  industry,  were  approved  by  decree 
dated  July  12, 1865. 

The  following  is  the  table  of  dates  assigned  to  divers  operations  of  the  Exposition: 

Table  Recapitulating  the  dates  assigned  to  the  divers  operations  of  the  Exposition. 


Dates  assigned.  Nature  of  the  operations. 

Before  August  15,  1865 Appointing  committees  of  admission  for  the  French  section,  and 

notifying  the  foreign  commissions  of  the  space  granted  for  the 
productions  of  their  countrymen. 


Before  August  25,  1865 Constituting  departmental  committees,  inviting  French  exhibit- 

ors, and  notifying  them  of  the  space  allotted  in  the  French 
section  to  each  class  of  products  named  in  the  system  of  classi- 
fication. 

Before  October  31,  1865 Sending  applications  for  admission  and  claims  concerning  admis- 

sion of  French  exhibitors  to  the  Imperial  Commission. 

Pefore  October  31,  18C5 Preparing  and  sending  to  the  Imperial  Commission,  by  the  for- 

eign commissioners,  the  plan  of  organization  of  their  country- 
men, drawn  on  a scale  of  0’ii.002  to  the  metre. 

Before  December  31,  1865 Preparing  detailed  plans  of  arrangements  on  a scale  of  O’t^.020  to 

the  metre  for  the  French  section ; notifying  French  exhibitors 
of  their  admission. 

Before  January  31,1866 Preparing  and  ;■  ending  by  the  foreign  commissions  the  detailed 

plan  of  arrangements  of  their  countrymen,  on  a scale  of  0m.020 
to  the  metre,  and  of  information  intended  for  the  oflacial  cata- 
logue. 

Before  December  1, 1866 Finishing  the  palace  and  the  buildings  in  the  park. 

Before  January  1,  1867  Notifying  French  artists  of  their  admission. 


It  will  probably  be  agreed  that  the  above  classification  does 
comprehend  “ the  manifestations  of  all  branches  of  human  indus- 
try,” at  least  among  civilized  peoples,  and  so  far  as  such  mani- 
festations could  be  usefully  placed  in  view  before  the  world  at  an 
international  exhibition.  Few,  if  any,  can  even  read  it  thought- 
fully without  acquiring  broader  views  of  human  life,  its  wants 
and  resources ; or  without  a recognition  of  the  learning  and 
great  practical  knowledge  ot  the  gentlemen  who  framed  it. 

If  the  classification  was  perfect,  the  structures  to  render  its 
advantages  practically  available  were  not  less  so.  The  serious 
errors  committed  in  the  erection  of  the  English  Crystal  Palace, 
by  which  the  arrangement  of  each  nation’s  contribution  was  made 
as  an  entirety,  without  reference  to  the  placement  of  that  of  any 
other,  and  by  which,  the  building  being  divided  into  stories^  visit- 
ors were  compelled  to  climb  stairways,  were  both  avoided  in  this. 
The  whole  exhibition  surface  was  on  the  same  level,  and  ample 
avenues,  radiating  and  concentric,  permitted  the  easy  circulation  of 
immense  crowds  on  foot,  and  gave  access  to  every  nook  and  corner 
for  old  persons,  invalids  or  others  who  chose  to  avail  themselves 
of  the  licensed  luxury  of  easy  chairs  on  wheels.  The  natural- 
ness, simplicity  and  adaptation  of  the  classification,  the  building, 
and  indeed  the  whole  machinery  ot  the  exhibition,  to  the  ends  in 


Before  January  15,  1867 Finishing  the  special  arrangements  for  exhibitors  in  the  palace 

and  in  the  park. 

Before  March  6,  1867 Admission  of  foreign  products  at  the  seaports  and  frontier  towns 

indicated  in  article  44  of  the  general  regulations,  with  permis- 
sion for  them  to  he  forwarded  to  the  Exposition,  which  shall 
be  used  as  an  actual  custom-house  depot. 


From  Jan.  15  to  Mar.  10,  1867  . .Beceiving  and  unpacking  goods  in  the  Exposition. 

From  Mar.  11  to  Mar.  28,  18'  7.  .Arranging  the  goods  unpacked  in  the  spaces  ascribed  for  them. 


March  29  and  30, 1867  General  cleaning  of  all  parts  of  the  palace  and  park. 

March  31,  1867  Inspection  of  the  whole  Exposition. 

April  1,  1867 Opening  of  the  Exposition. 

October  31, 1867 Closing  of  the  Exposition. 

Nov.  1 to  Nov.  30,  1867 Eemoval  of  goods  and  of  fixtures. 


The  first  notice  of  the  foregoing  was  received  by  Governor  Oglesby  and  transmitted  to  me  on 
the  27th  September,  1805— obviously  so  late  as  to  render  an  active  participation  by  the  people  of 
this  State  out  of  the  question,  unless  the  time  prescribed  for  presenting  admission  claims  should 
be  extended.  By  the  earnest  representations  of  Governor  Oglesby  and  others,  this  was  efiected ; 
although  the  delay  in  obtaining  the  decision,  together  with  the  failure  to  communicate  it  defi- 
nitely, fully  and  promptly  when  obtained,  seriously  impaired  its  value.  It  is  due  to  say  in  this 
connection  that,  so  far  as  my  present  information  extends,  the  Imperial  Commission  never,  in  a 
single  instance,  failed  to  respond  favorably  to  an  application  having  for  its  object  to  facilitate  or 
improve  the  exhibition  by  citizens  of  the  United  States.  * If,  in  the  preparatory  work,  or  during 
the  progress  of  the  Exposition,  embarrassment  was  encountered  by  any  American  exhibitor,  I 
am  fully  persuaded  it  originated  in  his  own  failure  to  exercise  due  diligence,  or  in  the  lack  of 
the  requisite  executive  ability,  address  and  practical  intelligence  on  the  part  of  the  Commissioner 
General,  to  whose  discretion  without  available  appeal,  our  own  Government  had  confided  the 
administration  of  affairs. 


86 


view,  were  in  essential  features  faultless.  Whether  for  a six 
months’  study  in  the  minutest  detail,  or  the  hurried  glance  of  a 
single  day’s  walk  through  the  many  miles  of  aisles  and  galleries, 
nothing  could  be  more  convenient.  Was  it  desired  to  look  at  the 
whole  contribution  from  any  one  nation  ? it  was  to  be  found  com- 
pactly together,  all  its  parts  easily  reached,  bearing  in  its  ensemble 
the  impress  of  its  nationality.  Was  it  desired  to  look  at  articles 
in  any  one  particular  class  from  all  nations  ? a tour  around  the 
palace  in  the  proper  concentric  gallery  sufficed  : the  limit  of  space 
occupied  by  each  nation  being  plainly  marked  on  an  over-hanging 
sign  in  view  as  you  approached  the  radiating  avenues  on  either 
side,  and  at  every  turn  was  a similar  sign  with  an  arrow  indicating 
the  direction  of  the  River  Seine.  Such  was  the  theory  of  the 
internal  arrangement  of  the  Palace,  and  it  was  adhered  to  in  the 
main  with  marked  exactness.  Departures  from  it,  occasioned  by 
a superabundance  or  deficiency  of  objects  in  proportion  to  assigned 
space,  were  neither  frequent  nor  extensive. 

On  the  25th  day  of  September,  1865,  the  Imperial  Commission 
took  possession  of  Champ  de  Mars,  a rough  surface  of  103-|  acres. 
The  Palace  proper  covered  about  35|-  acres.  The  substratum  of 
the  foundation  was  laid  fourteen  feet  below  the  surface  level; 
seven  kilometers  (four  and  two-thirds  miles)  of  subterranean  gal- 
leries were  constructed  for  water-pipes,  ventilators  and  drainage ; 
8,500  tons  of  cast  and  plate  iron  and  15,000,000  iron  bolts  were 
used  in  the  building.  One  firm,  furnishing  3,500  tons  of  the  iron, 
employed  on  the  work  an  average  of  400  men  per  day  for  eight 
months.  The  two  innermost  and  shortest  galleries  of  the  Palace 
were  of  masonry,  the  other  seven  of  iron.  The  outer  gallery, 
forming  the  great  machinery  nave,  was  3,900  feet  in  length,  mid- 
dle line,  114  feet  10  inches  wide,  82  feet  high — its  gracefully 
arched  sheet-iron  roof  being  supported  by  88  ribs,  resting  on  176 
iron  pillars,  which  latter  were  83  feet  long,  and  weighed  2,400 
pounds  each.  In  the  middle  of  this  immense  gallery,  and  extend- 
ing throughout  its  entire  length,  was  the  elevated  cast-iron  prome- 
nade, on  which  the  Imperial  cortege  made  the  circuit  on  the 
opening  day,  and  which  sustained  the  double  line  of  shafting  pro- 
pelling the  machinery  on  either  side.  Light  was  admitted  through 
windows  in  the  sides  of  this  nave,  which  were  sufficiently  elevated 
above  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  Palace  for  the  purpose.  All 


37 


the  other  galleries  received  light  through  their  glazed  roofs,  the 
intensity  of  it  being  toned  down  as  needful  by  cloth  suspended 
underneath. 

The  Central  Garden,  embellished  with  fountains,  flower  bor- 
ders and  a profusion  of  flne  statuary,  was  a gem,  the  refreshing 
beauty  of  which  no  visitor  will  forget,  and  which  many  a tired 
sight-seer  enjoyed  while  availing  himself  or  herself  of  the  cheap 
luxury  of  a chair*  under  the  covered  gallery  on  the  border.  A 
pavilion  of  tasteful  architectural  outline,  harmonizing  with  the 
fairy-like  surroundings,  occupied  the  center  of  this  garden,  and 
was  used  for  the  exhibition  of  specimens  of  the  moneys,  weights 
and  measures  in  use  by  the  nations  choosing  to  be  represented. 
The  object  of  the  exhibition  was  to  direct  the  attention  of  all  to 
the  importance  of  a world-wide  uniformity  in  these  fundamental 
elements  of  commercial  intercourse  among  nations  ; a grand  idea 
centrally  exposed. 

The  water  supply  of  the  Exposition  was  on  the  basis  of  the 
quantity  required  by  a city  of  100,000  inhabitants — 10,000  cubic 
meters  per  day ; being  100  litres  (about  25  gallons)  to  each  person. 
On  the  heights  across  the  Seine,  called  the  Trocadero — once  the 
site  of  a convent  garden,  now  owned  by  the  State,  and  recently 
fashioned  into  beautiful  avenues,  walks  and  terraced  slopes— was 
constructed  a reservoir  of  4,000  cubic  meters  capacity,  32  meters 
above  the  ground  level  of  the  Palace.  This  was  kept  fllled  by 
flve  powerful  engines  and  pumps,  and  the  water  returned  across 
the  river  on  the  Bridge  of  lena  to  the  Park,  where  it  was  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  Palace  and  grounds  by  means  of  a system 
of  conduits  of  suitable  capacity.  The  same  engines  and  pumps 
also  supplied  a reservoir  at  the  water-works,  (IN  o.  44  on  the  map 
of  the  Park,)  the  character  of  which  was  concealed  by  the  mimic 
ruins  of  an  old  tower,  from  the  base  of  which  latter  fell  a cascade  to 
the  lake  below.  The  main  pipe  from  the  upper  reservoir,  having  a 
diameter  of  about  14  inches,  traversed  the  Palace  its  entire  length 

* In  all  places  of  resort  in  Paris  where  the  people  frequently  assemble  in  large  numbers,  such 
as  Champs  Elysees,  the  Garden  of  the  Tuileries,  Bois  de  Boulogne,  and  the  various  parks,  are 
found,  in  addition  to  settees  for  the  use  of  which  there  is  no  charge,  chairs,  usually  of  iron, 
with  spring  bottoms,  which  are  let  by  women  at  two  sous  each  for  one  sitting— the  time  of 
occupancy  unlimited.  The  revenue  from  this  source  must  be  very  large  in  the  aggregate,  and 
the  custom  itself  would,  perhaps,  meet  with  decided  favor  among  the  women  and  children 
attending  our  fairs  and  other  public  gatherings,  and  who  often  suffer  seriously  for  want  of 
some  such  convenience. 


38 


to  the  Grand  Boulevard  beyond,  and  there  branched  off  in  a spray 
of  lesser  pipes,  to  supply,  under  a pressure  equal  to  three  atmos- 
pheres,* the  fountains,  fire-plugs  and  other  demands  upon  the 
water  service  in  the  Park.  At  the  Central  Garden  this  main  was 
also  tapped  by  many  small  pipes  running  to  all  parts  of  the  Pal- 
ace, for  use  in  case  of  fire.  The  water  designed  for  drinking  and 
for  the  aquariums  was  filtered.  The  original  cost  of  these  con- 
structions was  about  $40,000.  The  expense  of  their  operation 
during  the  Exposition  was  probably  defrayed  by  the  charge  of 
ten  centimes  (about  two  cents)  per  cubic  meter  of  water  furnished 
to  such  private  persons  and  companies  as  demanded  to  use  it. 

Of  the  Park  a correct  idea  of  the  ground  plan  may  be  obtained 
from  the  accompanying  map;  and  the  student  of  landscape  gar- 
dening will  not  fail  to  observe  that  in  the  entire  plat,  executed  by 
the  best  artists  of  a nation  confessedly  in  advance  of  all  others  in 
horticulture,  fioriculture  and  rural  adornment,  there  are  but  two 
or  three  regular  figures  of  the  two  hundred  and  fifty,  nor  even  a 
straight  line  except  when  required  by  one  of  the  two  main  ave- 
nues which  intersect  in  the  Central  Garden ; nor  is  any  form 
repeated.  I do  not  speak  of  the  buildings,  but  only  of  the  ground 
plan,  as  it  came  from  the  hands  of  the  designer. 

The  boulevards,  avenues  and  paths  were  all  graveled  and  kept 
thoroughlj^  rolled  and  sprinkled,  the  shrubbery,  flower-beds  and 
borders  maintained  in  the  greatest  luxuriance  of  growth  and 
beauty ; the  flowering  plants  were  removed  as  they  ceased  to 
bloom,  and  others  substituted  as  the  season  progressed. 

Add  to  the  features  already  noticed  that  the  police,  postal  and 
telegraphic  arrangements  were  faultless;  that  the  preparations 
and  appointments  at  the  Island  of  Billancourt  for  the  exhibition 
of  domestic  animals  and  special  agricultural  operations  were  all 
that  could  have  been  desired ; that  the  transportation  service  was 
ample  for  this  extraordinary  occasion;  and  they  form  a master- 
piece, a veritable  chef  d^ceuvre  of  genius,  learning  and  mechani- 
cal skill,  of  which  any  nation  might  be  justly  proud.  If  France 
had  contented  herself  with  no  other  exhibition  than  the  classifica- 
tion, the  Palace  and  other  arrangements  for  the  Universal  Expo- 
sition of  1867,  as  they  came  from  the  hands  of  the  Imperial 
Commission,  these  alone  would  have  entitled  her,  in  the  judg- 

* An  elevator,  carrying  tea  passengers  to  a landing  on  the  roof  about  78  feet  above  the  ground, 
was  in  constant  operation  by  hydraulic  pressure,  making  the  trip  in  two  minutes. 


39 


ment  of  every  fair-minded  man  cognizant  of  the  facts  and  realiz- 
ing the  character  and  magnitude  of  the  enterprise,  to  a position 
in  the  front  rank  of  progressive  nations.  Differing  as  we  do  in 
opinion,  toto  codo^  with  those  who  would  sustain  arbitrary  gov- 
ernment anywhere  in  any  form,  we  may  nevertheless  recognize 
the  moral  courage  of  an  Emperor  who  has  dared  to  invite  all  other 
nations  of  Christendom  to  a comparison  of  their  respective  pro- 
gress in  art,  science  and  industry,  in  the  heart  of  his  own  Empire 
and  under  the  eyes  of  his  own  people. 

From  what  has  been  said,  the  classification  and  figures  given, 
supplemented  by  the  ground-plan  and  elevation,  one  may  obtain 
a tolerably  correct  idea  of  the  magnitude  and  general  character 
of  the  preparatory  work : of  the  interipy  and  exterior  of  the 
Palace,  with  its  concentric  galleries  for  groups  and  its  radiating 
avenues  for  sections ; of  the  space  occupied  by  each  nation,  and 
its  relative  position ; of  the  Park,  with  its  graceful  subdivisions 
of  surface,  its  boulevards,  avenues,  streets  and  walks,  (forming, 
with  those  of  the  Palace,  an  aggregate  of  fifty -five  miles,)  its 
gardens,  lawns  and  lakes.  But  figures  and  plans  and  words  can 
furnish  only  the  mere  formal  lines  of  the  picture.  I would  like 
to  show  you  at  least  the  grand  panorama,  as  it  was  enjoyed  by 
' thousands  every  bright  afternoon  during  the  summer  of  1867-, 
from  the  heights  of  the  Trocadero,  facing  east.  In  the  back- 
ground, on  the  extreme  left,  was  Montmartre ; then  the  cemetery 
of  Pere  la  Chaise ; in  front,  the  woods  of  Yincennes ; to  the 
right,  Sevres  and  the  Palace  of  St.  Cloud ; in  the  body  of  the 
picture  was  the  chief  part  of  old  Paris,  with  the  dome  of  the 
Pantheon,  the  spires  of  Notre  Dame,  the  Palace  of  the  Tuileries, 
the  Palace  of  Industry,  and  the  Hotel  des  Invalides — all  monu- 
mental in  European  history ; in  the  fore-ground,  the  Palace  of  the 
Exposition,  with  its  motley  group  of  secondary  structures  from 
which  streamed  the  ensigns  of  every  nationality;  still  closer,  the 
Seine,  bearing  upon  its  bosom,  in  gala-dress,  innumerable  craft 
burdened  with  gay  crowds  of  passengers — steamers,  yachts,  life- 
boats, shifts,  flitting  here  and  there,  as  business  or  pleasure  called; 
the  throngs  of  vehicles  of  all  descriptions,  from  the  slight  veloci- 
pede to  the  cars  of  the  ‘‘American  Railway,”*  or  the  scarcely  less 


*A  horse  railway,  and  the  only  one,  I believe,  in  France.  It  extends  from  near  the  center  of 
the  city  down  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine  several  miles. 


40 


ponderous  turn-out  of  some  resident  foreign  minister,  covering 
the  avenues  bordering  the  quays  of  the  river  in  front  of  the  grand 
porte. 

The  folly  of  attempting  to  describe,  in  a report,  or  to  even 
name  in  detail,  the  contents  of  the  Palace  and  Park,  if  not 
already  apparent,  will  be  entirely  so  when  it  is  stated  that  in  the 
former  there  were  twenty-live  thousand  tons  of  objects  for  exhibi- 
tion, exclusive  of  the  machinery^  and  that  the  simple  catalogue 
covers  two  thousand  pages,  averaging  more  than  twenty  to  the 
page.  I would  be  glad,  of  course,  to  present  you  an  intelligible 
picture  of  the  whole ; of  the  Park,  with  its  gaudy  ai  ray  of  Ori- 
ental palaces,  temples,  mosques,  kiosques,  churches,  cottages, 
school  houses,  hospitals,  pavilions,  theater,  club  house,  tents, 
stables,  dairies,  restaurants,  cafes,  bakeries,  light  houses,  aqua- 
riums, green-houses,  trees,  plants,  flowers,  colossal  statuary,  steam 
engines,  pumps,  chimes  of  bells,  bands  of  music,  displays  of 
military  equipments,  ordnance,  ambulances,  sanitary  stores,  etc., 
etc. ; of  the  Palace,  fllled  with  the  choicest  offerings  of  forty -four 
thousand  exhibitors,  representing  the  activities  of  the  people  of 
every  clime,  their  present  status  in  science,  art,  education,  and 
even  their  domestic  life  ; of  the  veritable  people  themselves,  from 
the  red  man  of  the  North  American  forest,  (the  “poor  Indian” 
and  his  squaw  were  there,)  or  the  Egyptian  sitting  cross-legged 
on  his  dromedary,  up  through  all  the  gradations  of  higher  civili- 
zation and  culture — so  variant  in  appearance  and  diverse  in  man- 
ners, customs,  feature,  color,  costume,  taste,  and  grades  of  intelli- 
gence, as  to  stagger  belief  in  the  doctrine  which  asserts  for  the 
human  species  unity  of  origin.  Failing  in  this,  I shall  confine 
myself  to  the  special  mention  of  a few  things  among  the  many — 
selecting  even  those  few,  not  because  of  their  real  merit  or  promi- 
nence, but  because  my  tastes  or  duties  brought  them  more  par- 
ticularly under  my  notice. 

For  the  first  time,  it  was  attempted  in  this  Exposition  to  collect 
and  arrange  scientifically  such  monuments,  land-marks  and  ves- 
tiges of  the  past  as  should  impart,  at  a single  comprehensive 
glance,  a just  impression  of  the  industrial  progress  of  the  human 
family,  from  the  gray  twilight  of  civilization  on  the  plains  of  Asia 
down  to  the  present  era — leaving  to  other  portions  of  the  Exposi- 
tion to  supply  the  exhibit  for  this  century,  and  complete  the 
panorama  of  the  “History  of  Labor.” 


4:1 


The  classification  of  epochs  adopted  by  the  Imperial  Commis- 
sion relates  exclusively  to  France,  but  is  not  intended  to  assume 
that  the  civilizing  forces  have  produced  similar  development  else- 
where, or  that  the  successive  eras  have  been  everywhere  identi- 
cal in  point  of  time.  This  is  all,  doubtless,  it  was  best  to  attempt. 
Whatever  diversity  may  exist  will  be  well  and  only  ascertained 
by  comparison  and  study  of  collections,  after  this  initiative  shall 
have  worked  out  its  expected  result  by  stimulating  scientific 
research  in  fields  pr(»mising  still  further  discovery.  A territory 
so  isolated  as  Great  Britain,  for  instance,  must,  in  the  earliest 
periods,  have  been  slowly  and  feebly  impressed  by  civilizing 
forces  originating  on  the  Continent ; and  hence  its  eras,  if  even 
characterized  by  similar  development,  may  have  widely  differed 
from  those  of  France  in  point  of  time.  The  French  division  is 
as  follows: 

First  Epoch.— Gaxii  before  the  use  of  metal.  Utensils  in  bone  and  stone,  with  bones  of  ani- 
mals that  have  disappeared  from  the  soil  of  France,  but  are  found  with  these  utensils— showing 
the  age  to  which  they  belong. 

Second  Fpocft.— Independent  Gaul.  Arms  and  utensils  in  bronze  and  stone.  Objects  in  terra 
cotta. 

Third  Epoch.— iordmX  during  the  Koman  rule.  Bronzes,  arms,  Gaulish  coins,  jewelry,  figures 
in  clay;  red  and  black  potteries,  encrusted  enamels,  etc. 

Fourth  Epoch. — The  Franks  to  the  crowning  of  Charlemagne,  (800.)  Bronzes,  coins,  jewels, 
arms,  pottery ; manuscripts,  charts,  etc. 

Fifth  Epoch.— TYiQ  Carlovingians,  from  the  commencement  of  the  ninth  to  the  end  of  the 
eleventh  centuries.  Ivory,  sculptures,  bronzes,  coins,  seals,  jewels,  arms,  MS.,  charts,  etc. 

Sixth  Epoch.— ThQ  middle  ages,  from  the  commencement  of  the  twelfth  century  to  Louis  XI, 
inclusive,  (1483.)  Sculpture,  (statuary  and  ornamental,)  ivory,  wood,  furniture,  bronzes,  coins, 
seals,  jewels,  arms  and  armor,  MS.  in  miniature,  enamels,  pottery,  stained  glass,  tapestry, 
embroidery,  dresses,  etc.  [There  seems  to  be  a singular  omission  in  the  failure  to  enumerate 
specimens  of  typography.  Printing  was  introduced  into  Paris  in  the  year  1470,  but  is  not  em- 
braced in  the  items  for  this  nor  indeed  any  other  epoch.— R.] 

Seventh  Epoch.— ThQ  Renaissance,  from  Charles  VIII  to  Henry  IV,  (1610.)  Sculpture,  (statu- 
ary and  ornamental,)  ivory,  sculptured  wood,  bronzes,  coins,  medallions,  seals,  jewels,  arms, 
cutlery,  watch-making,  miniatures,  MS.,  painted  enamels,  varnishes,  pottery,  pottery  called 
Henry  II,  and  Bernard  Palissy,  glass-work,  stained  glass,  tapestry,  embroidery,  buildings,  etc. 

Eighth  Epoch.— 'Roigns,  of  Louis  XIII  and  XIV,  (1610  to  1715.)  Sculptures,  ivories,  furniture, 
bronzes,  coins,  medallions,  seals,  jewels,  arms,  watches,  miniatures,  MS.,  enamels,  pottery  of 
Nevers  and  Rouen,  Porcelain  of  Rouen  and  St.  Cloud,  marqueterie,  (mosaic,)  tapestry,  embroi- 
dery, etc. 

Ninth  Epoch.— 'Reiga  of  Louis  XV,  (1715  to  1774.)  Objects  as  in  the  last  epoch.  Varnishes, 
pottery,  (Martin,)  porcelains  of  Chantilly,  Mennecy,  Vincennes  and  Sevres ; pottery  of  Moustiers, 
Marseilles,  Alsace,  Lorraine  and  Picardy. 

Tenth  Epoch.— The  reign  of  Louis  XVI  and  the  Revolution,  (1774  tojlSOO.) 

In  this,  as,  indeed,  in  almost  every  other  class,  France  contri- 
butes most  abundantly,  occupying  seven  considerable  halls.  The 
relics  of  remotest  antiquity  are  of  course  those  which  characterize 
the  age  of  rough  stone — tools  rudely  hewn  by  blows  out  of  flint, 
resembling  the  arrows,  axes,  etc.,  found  in  America;  and  referred 
6 


42 


to  nomadic  people  who  lived  in  France  ‘‘ thousands  of  years” 
prior  to  the  time  of  the  Celts  and  Gauls  in  the  sixteenth  century 
before  Jesus  Christ.  Then  come  implements  of  war  and  the 
chase ; still  fashioned  of  stone,  hut  of  considerable  variety,  and 
with  polished  surfaces.  The  dawn  of  liberal  art  is  signalized  by 
drawings  of  natural  objects  on  ivory.  One  of  these  is  the  figure 
of  a mammoth,  and  is  supposed  to  settle  the  question  of  the 
co-existence  of  the  human  and  the  species  of  animals,  now  extinct, 
which  it  represents.  Then  succeeds  the  age  of  hronze^  with  its 
improvement  in  the  arts.  The  seventh  century  shows  us  manu- 
scripts— rude  enough — relating  chiefly  to  religious  subjects,  and 
heralding  that  Catholicism  which  dominated  the  middle  ages. 
The  iron  relics  of  this  period  are  much  less  well  preserved  than 
the  bronze.  Architecture  shows  itself  at  an  early  period,  and 
seems  to  have  advanced  comparatively  with  great  rapidity. 

In  the  middle  ages,  manuscripts,  medals,  statuettes  (among 
them  an  equestrian  one  of  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and  which  pro- 
bably bears  little  resemblance  to  the  original)  abound.  As  we 
follow  along  down  the  stream  of  time,  sculpture  improves ; pot- 
tery assumes  a higher  order  of  art;  manuscripts  and  maps  increase 
in  numbers ; tapestry,  embroidery,  glass-works,  painting,  watches, 
objects  in  silver  and  gold,  printing,  clothing,  fire-arms,  etc., 
gradually  draw  us  to  the  world  as  it  is. 

The  English  collection,  made  up  from  the  public  and  private 
museums  of  the  kingdom,  possessed  more  interest  for  me  than 
any  other,  doubtless  because  so  many  of  the  objects  were  asso- 
ciated with  personages  who  figured  in  English  history.  The 
series  begins  at  the  pre-historic  period,  with  the  rude  implements 
common  to  it — warlike  instruments  of  the  time  of  the  earlier 
invasions,  and  bronzes ; then  some  specimens  of  armor,  enough 
to  convince  the  most  skeptical  that  ‘‘there  were  giants  in  those 
days”  of  the  middle  ages;  watches,  plate  services  and  wassail- 
bowls  of  mammoth  proportions  and  elaborate  workmanship; 
swords,  helmets,  miniatures  of  celebrated  persons ; religious  rel- 
ics ; some  magnificent  cups  given  on  the  race-course  as  prizes ; 
and  a thousand  other  objects,  admirably  arranged,  serving  to  show 
that  England  has  progressed  from  barbarism  to  the  position  she 
now  occupies  in  the  world. 

The  exhibitions  in  this  class  by  Russia,  Switzerland,  Portugal, 
Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Spain,  Austria  and  the  Low  Countries 


43 


were  more  or  less  of  value  in  determining  the  various  problems 
dependent  upon  this  sort  of  testimony  for  their  solution.  None 
was  so  nearly  complete  and  full  as  that  of  France,  and  none  more 
attractive  to  the  general  visitor  than  that  of  England. 

Through  the  entire  class,  the  ceramic  art  supplies  a large  pro- 
portion of  the  objects.  Few  relate  to  agriculture,  whose  history 
in  earlier  times,  save  among  the  Egyptians,  seems  to  have  been 
‘‘written  in  sand.”  Most,  especially  those  of  France,  connect 
themselves  with  successive  religious  developments,  and  appear  to 
demonstrate  that  in  all  ages  man  has  been  governed  by  ideas 
having  their  source  in  the  devotional  element  of  his  character.* 
The  variety  and  profusion  of  weapons  of  war  and  the  chase,  with 
their  successive  improvements,  seem  to  establish  the  fact  that, 
from  an  early  period,  each  nation  or  tribe  has  regarded  itself  as 
the  one  alone  addressed  when  Grod  gave  man  “ dominion  over 
the  earth,”  and  has  uniformly  set  itself  about  to  establish  that 
supposed  divine  right  as  a practical  reality.  Clearly,  by  this 
showing,  man  has  been  a continuous  worshiper,  a persevering 
fighter,  and  at  times  a good  liver;  has  constantly  aimed  at  a more 
advanced  position,  and  aspired  to  a higher  life.  So  far  as  he  is 
represented  by  those  nations  known  as  “ enlightened,”  his  pro- 
gress has  been  steady  and  distinctly  marked,  as  well  in  liberal  as 
the  useful  arts — in  everything  relating  to  aesthetics.  There  are 
those  who  admire  the  “ antique  ” in  fine  art ; who  believe,  for 
example,  that  among  the  earlier  sculptors  there  were  some  whose 
genius,  all  untaught  it  may  be,  enabled  them  to  present  the  world 
with  models  of  the  human  form  which  are  yet  without  rivals  from 
the  later  schools.  I saw  some  of  these  master-pieces,  and  long 
rows  of  antique  sculpture,  without  catching  the  inspiration  evi- 
dently felt  by  more  impressible  and  artistic  observers.  It  is  not 
difiicult  to  understand  their  historic  value,  and  one  can  in  some 
sort  sympathize  with  the  antiquarian  enthusiast  as  he  returns  to 
their  study  again  and  again ; but  to  my  uneducated  taste  they 
seem,  like  everything  else  of  their  day,  not  to  bear  comparison 
with  the  creations  of  recent  and  living  artists.  I would  be  quite 
as  likely  to  mistake  an  Indian  war-club  or  an  Australian  boome- 

*I8  the  curious  custom— quite  prevalent  in  Paris — of  dedicating  business  houses  and  shops  of 
all  sorts,  attributable  to  this?  One  may  find  their  signs  bearing  inscriptions  such  as  the  follow- 
ing: “To  Spring-Time;”  “To  the  Song  of  Birds;”  “To  Our  Lady;”  “To  the  Siren;”  “To 
the  Infant  Jesus;”  “To  the  Imperial  Crown;”  “To  the  Sun  of  Austerlitz;”  “To  the  Little 
Devil  of  Paris ;”  “To  the  Good  Eater;”  “To  the  Good  Drinker;”  “To  the  Green  Monkeys;” 
“To  the  Good  Devil;”  “ To  the  Americans ;”  “To  the  United  States;”  and  thousands  similar. 


rang  for  a needle  gnn,  as  one  of  those  impossible  “antique” 
marble  statues  for  the  work  of  any  respectable  modern  * artist 
admitted  to  the  Exposition — a remark  not  intended  to  imply  a 
thought  that  the  true  artist’s  veneration  for  the  antique  in  sculp- 
ture and  paintiiig  savors  at  all  of  idolatry,  or  even  sentimentalism, 
or  that  it  is  not  warranted  by  the  superiorit}^  of  the  productions 
of  the  oldest  schools ; but  only  to  confess  my  own  incompetency 
to  criticise,  and  to  justify  my  silence  in  regard  to  the  exhibition 
in  the  First  Group. 

If  the  tribes  and  nations  of  to-day  could  be  drawn  up  in  line 
for  review,  with  the  specimens  of  their  handiwork  illustrative  of 
the  status  of  each  in  the  arts,  we  should  find  the  “ Museum  of 
the  History  of  Labor”  in  its  essential  elements  and  significance 
reproduced.  Indeed,  such  was  the  fact  within  the  limits  of  Champ 
de  Mars.  Those  tribes  too  barbarous  to  become  voluntary  were 
involuntary  exhibitors,  through  their  friends,  the  Christian  mis- 
sionaries, and,  by  their  weapons  of  war,  of  torture,  of  the  chase, 
their  idols  and  utensils,  exhibited  a close  alliance  with  the  remote 
antique.  With  no  seeming  inherent  aptitude  to  improve,  and 
resisting  all  ameliorating  influences  from  without,  or  too  remote 
to  have  been  touched  by  any  such  hitherto,  they  seem  to  have 
petrified  about  the  close  of  the  “ age  of  stone.”  Every  subse- 
quent epoch  had  its  representative  in  propria  persona — starting 
with  those  nations  who  have  invented  nothing ; who  have  not 
even  been  willing  or  able  to  adopt  the  inventions  of  others; 
whose  habits  are  as  they  have  ever  heretofore  been,  or  worse — 
subsisting  on  the  bounty  of  nature  in  warm  climates  ; who  perform 
every  operation  of  their  meager  art  by  hand,  as  their  earliest  ances- 
try did ; whose  commerce  is  the  rudest  trade  ; whose  systems  of 
government,  if  they  can  be  called  systems,  are  absolute  despot- 
isms or  pseudo-theocracies ; whose  highest  conception  of  decora- 
tive art  is  satisfied  with  a dazzling  profusion  of  tinsel,  coarse 
ornaments  and  bright-colored  paints,  and  of  melody  by  a sense- 
less chant  and  horse  fiddle  accompaniment;  who  are  feeble  in 
mind,  feeble  in  body,  and  exist  as  nations  by  sufferance  of  the 
“ Great  Powers,”  who  have  thus  far  failed  to  agree  upon  a division 
of  the  spoils,  or  have  been  unwilling  to  assume  the  task  of  their 
extermination  or  regeneration. 

As  the  plane  of  progress  is  ascended,  the  gradations  and  differ- 
ences among  nations  become  less  distinctly  marked.  Whenever 


45 


the  useful  arts,  or  any  of  them,  have  been  once  introduced,  and 
have  made  any  impression  whatever  on  the  life  of  a people,  tliey 
seem  to  have  been  certainly  followed  by  extraordinary  develop- 
ment in  some  direction.  There  were  nations  exhibiting  one,  two 
or  three  specialties,  the  fabrication  of  which  they  have  pursued 
for  many  years,  manifesting  the  highest  perfection  of  mechanical 
skill,  and  yet  whose  entire  exhibit,  beyond  these  few  articles,  was 
unworthy  a moment’s  consideration.  Diversified  industry  (espe- 
cially the  practice  of  those  branches  of  the  arts  most  closely  allied 
to  agriculture)  has  its  place  in  the  midst  of  every  people  who 
to-day  are  in  a much  better  condition  than  they  were  one  hundred 
years  ago ; and  the  absence  of  it  invariably  stamps  a nation  with 
all  the  evidences  of  a want  of  national  force  of  character  approach- 
ing the  dependent  weakness  of  infancy.  Illustrations  of  this  are 
found  among  the  Orientals,  and  they  have  closely  allied  kinsmen 
in  Africa,  in  Western  Europe,  and  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

The  difierence  between  the  German  States,  France,  Great 
Britain,  the  United  States,  and  some  others,  is  greater  in  kind 
than  in  degree.  The  industrial  triumphs  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury are  shared  among  them.  Each  has  accomplished  marvelous 
progress,  and  excelled  the  others  whenever  and  wherever  circum- 
stances in  a notable  degree  specially  favored  its  success;  and  each 
is  pursuing  its  chosen  career  with  an  activity  as  intense  as  it  is 
intelligent.  It  would  be  a vain  endeavor  to  institute  a critical 
comparison  of  the  industries  of  such  nations,  hoping  to  weigh 
their  merits  and  determine  the  relative  value  of  their  achieve- 
ments to  mankind. 

Nor  did  the  Exposition  of  186Y  present  the  basis  upon  which 
any  such  comparison  could  be  fairly  made,  if  it  were  even  possi- 
ble to  find  a competent  jury ; and  this,  particularly,  so  far  as 
concerns  the  United  States.  The  French  Commission,  for  exam- 
ple, accepted  about  twenty  thousand  claims  for  admission  by 
French  people,  and  rejected  probably  as  many  more.  The  Brit- 
ish Commission,  with  their  large  experience  in  European  compe- 
titions of  this  character,  with  ample  means  and  abundant  oppor- 
tunity to  select,  possessed  telling  advantages;  and  so  of  other 
European  Commissions.  On  the  other  hand,  the  United  States 
Commission  were  without  means  to  justify  the  offer  of  tempting 
inducements  or  even  proper  facilities  to  exhibitors ; our  Govern 
ment  and  our  people  were  yet  distracted,  if  not  enfeebled,  by  the 


46 


war  from  whicli  the  nation  had  but  just  emerged ; our  manufac- 
turers and  inventors  found  ample  employment  for  the  exercise  of 
their  entire  capital  and  energy  in  supplying  the  home  market  for 
their  products,  and  hence  had  no  pecuniary  interest  in  searching 
for  customers  abroad ; the  Commission,  therefore,  only  too  glad 
to  obtain  material  sufficient  to  fill  up  our  allotted  space,  accepted 
nearly  if  not  quite  everything  that  ofiered.  It  is  not  detracting 
from  the  merit  of  what  this  country  did  present,  to  say  that  a 
large  proportion  of  our  exhibit  was  formed  of  objects  whose 
excellence  is  not  yet  established  in  this  country.  Almost  every 
thing  we  had  there  was  new  to  the  American  public.  In  the 
Sixth  Group,  for  example,  except  a locomotive,  some  scales,  sew- 
ing machines,  two  or  three  reapers  and  mowers,  a few  plows,  and 
a steam  engine,  scarcely  anything  American  had  previously 
received  the  indorsement  of  popular  approbation  here  in  Amer- 
ica— simply,  no  doubt,  because  of  its  recent  appearance.  This 
absence  of  a national  home-indorsement  operated  in  more  than 
one  instance,  as  there  is  good  reason  to  believe,  to  inspire  the 
juries  with  a caution  amounting  to  timidity,  and  to  induce  them 
to  award  prizes  of  lower  grade,  or  withhold  them  entirely,  I^’o 
one  familiar  at  all  with  American  machinery  adapted  to  the  com- 
mon arts  can  doubt  for  a moment  that  the  space  allotted  to  the 
United  States  in  this  group  might  have  been  filled  with  prize 
objects,  if  it  had  been  possible  to  choose  among  those  in  popular 
use  here.  Hence,  for  the  reasons  stated,  and  perhaps  others,  a 
comparison  of  national  progress  in  industrial  pursuits  between 
the  first-class  Powers,  based  on  their  exhibits  at  the  Exposition, 
if  thoroughly  and  fairly  made,  would  not  have  done  the  United 
States  justice. 

Of  the  exhibition  in  the  First  Group,  (Fine  Arts,)  any  Ameri- 
can may  well  speak  modestly,  in  view  of  the  results.  Our  very 
best  artists  were  represented.  Beard,  Bierstadt,  Church,  Cropsey, 
Cole,  Healy,  Kensett,  Darley,  Miss  Hosmer,  Yolk,  Marshall, 
Ilalpin  and  others  had  pieces  on  exhibition,  and  yet  but  one  of 
them  received  recognition  by  the  juries!  In  no  other  group 
(taking  all  the  classes  of  it)  were  the  United  States  so  well  repre- 
sented by  acknowledged  talent ; and  the  inference  is  therefore 
irresistible  that,  judged  by  European  standards  in  the  several 
departments,*  our  artists  have  not  yet  attained  a point  of  very 


* Immediately  following  the  announcement  of  prizes  on  the  Ist  of  July,  a rumor  prevailed  to 


47 


high  excellence.  Possibly  there  may  be  growing  np  an  American 
school  of  art,  which,  like  everything  else  in  the  I7ew  World,  is 
impatient  of  restraint,  and  has  ventured  on  innovations,  depart- 
ures from  the  rules  of  the  ‘‘  antique  ” schools,  and  which  will  in 
time  make  good  its  claims  in  the  international  courts  of  artistic 
genius. 

The  exhibition  by  France  embraced  in  the  five  classes  of  this 
group  1,033  pieces,  executed  since  the  International  Exposition 
of  1855  at  Paris — the  production  of  470  artists,  a large  majority 
of  whom  had  previously  been  successful  competitors,  and  many 
the  recipients  of  the  much-coveted  distinctions  of  the  Order  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor.  Such  a collection,  selected  with  inexorable 
discrimination  by  a commission  of  artists,  from  the  studios,  draw- 
ing-rooms, public  and  private  galleries  of  the  Empire,  could  not 
fail  to  embody  the  absolute  master-pieces  of  modern  art  in  France, 
or  to  command  the  critical  attention  of  all  visitors. 

The  British  collection  in  this  group  was  the  production  of  353 
artists,  and  consisted  of  160  oil  paintings,  139  water-colors  and 
drawings,  17  specimens  of  sculpture  and  die-sinking,  and  about 
150  architectural  designs  and  models  and  engravings  on  wood, 
stone  and  metals. 

The  other  European  nations  were  well  represented.  Of  the 
grand  prizes  awarded,  in  all  eight.  Group  I — 

France  received 4 Belgium  received. 1 

Bavaria  “ 1 Italy  “ 1 

Prussia  “ 1 

Of  first  prizes,  in  all  fifteen, 

France  received., 8 Austria  received 1 

Bavaria  “ 2 Spain  “ . 1 

Belgium  “ 2 Great  Britain  ‘‘  1 

Of  second  prizes,  in  all  twenty, 

France  received 10  Prussia  received 1 

United  States  “ 1 Italy  “ 1 

Great  Britain  “ 1 Spain  “ 1 

Belgium  “ 1 Switzerland  “ 1 

Norway  “ 1 The  Low  Countries  1 

Austria  “ 1 

the  effect  that  the  jury  on  oil  paintings  was  composed  in  part  of  French  artists  who  were  them- 
selves exhibitors  and  the  recipients  of  prizes.  This  is  incredible.  The  Imperial  Commission 
could  not  have  been  ignorant  of  such  proceeding,  and  certainly  would  not  have  sanctioned  it. 
All  exhibitors  serving  on  juries,  and  in  general,  all  governmental  contributions  were  placed  hors 
concours— out  of  competition. 


48 


Of  third  prizes,  in  all  twenty-four, 

France  received 10  Spain  received 2 

Sweden  ‘ ‘ 2 Prussia  “ 1 

Bavaria  “ 2 Austria  “ 1 

Great  Britain  ‘ ‘ 2 The  Low  Countries  ‘ ‘ 1 

Italy  “ 2 Russia  “ 1 

It  is  well  to  gain  a knowledge  of  those  things  in  which  we  are 
relatively  deficient,  and  I have  been  all  the  more  careful  to  state 
the  facts  in  regard  to  the  competition  in  the  first  group,  because 
there  was  the  field  in  which  more  than  in  any  other  the  failure  of 
American  productions  to  come  up  to  the  foreign  standard  was 
most  plainly  indicated  by  the  awards.  Elsewhere  throughout  we 
received  our  full  proportion  of  prizes,  as  shown  in  the  table  of  per- 
centage. 

In  the  Second  Group,  except  in  class  10,  instruments  of  music, 
American  exhibitors  achieved  no  special  distinction.  Eor  pianos, 
however,  Mr.  Chickering,  of  Boston,  received  the  Cross  of  Cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  the  firm  a gold  medal.  Messrs. 
Stein  way  and  Son,  of  New  York,  also  received  a gold  medal.  It 
seemed  to  be  conceded  that  the  two  manufacturers  named  had 
reached  a point  of  very  high  excellence,  and  the  musical  tourna- 
ments kept  up  daily  from  3 to  5 p.  m.  by  distinguished  performers 
on  the  instruments  of  Messrs.  Steinway  and  Chickering  served  to 
maintain  a lively  interest  on  the  part  of  visitors  in  the  American 
section  of  this  group,  for  several  months. 

Of  printing,  book-binding  and  stationery,  the  exhibitions  by 
France  and  England  were  very  remarkable.  Cheap  labor,  the 
use  of  steam  power,  improved  machinery,  improved  processes, 
and  the  use  of  cheaper  material  for  paper,  have  of  late  wonderfully 
lowered  the  price  and  at  the  same  time  furnished  a much  better 
product  in  all  that  pertains  to  printing,  binding,  the  manufacture 
of  paper,  pens  and  ink.  In  making  steel  pens  alone,  the  city  of 
Birmingham,  England,  uses  about  ten  tons  of  steel  per  week. 

In  the  Third  Group  the-  United  States  had  little  that  attracted 
attention,  while,  as  was  to  be  expected,  the  French,  English,  Belgic 
and  several  other  sections  were  marvels  of  showy  magnificence  in 
their  displays  of  rich  furniture,  glass  fabrics,  tapestry,  porcelains, 
cutlery,  jewelry,  time  pieces,  etc.  The  group  which  contained 
the  regal  tapestry  of  the  Gobelins,  the  porcelains  of  Sevres,  with 
the  products  of  their  rivals  all  over  the  world  and  which  embraced. 


49 


besides  these,  alinost  every  other  creation  for  lionsohold  and  per- 
sonal ornament,  may  well  be  supposed  to  have  challenged  the 
admira  ion  of  the  ;ireat  mass  of  visitors.  The  concentric  gallery 
which  separated  this  group  and  the  next  following  was  never 
otherwise  than  crowded  during  the  hours  of  exhibition.  The 
wealthy  purchased  while  the  poor  looked  on. 

The  value  of  glass  manufactures  in  France  exceeds  eighteen 
millions  of' dollars  annually,  and  the  product  is  steadily  increasing 
in  all  parts  of  the  Empire.  The  finer  and  more  cosdy  qualities 
are  chiefly  made  by  hand.  The  materials  for  the  manufacture  are 
all,  except  lead,  obtained  in  abundance  in  France.  The  sand  from 
Illinois,  and  other  Wi  stern  States,  was  not  tested  to  ascertain  its 
value  as  compared  with  the  sand  of  Fontainebleau  or  Senlis.  Other 
materials  en’ering  into  the  composition  of  French  glass — carbon- 
ate of  lime,  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  soda  and  oxide  of  lead,  etc., 
are  obtainable  abundantly  and  cheaply  in  the  United  States,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  the  expensive  luxury  of  French  plate  glass  will 
soon  find  an  acceptable  substitute  in  American  manufacture.  I 
believe  some  enterprising  gentlemen  of  Illinois  have  it  iu  con- 
templation to  try  the  experiment. 

GROUP  FOUR  was  little  less  attractive — its  chief  features  pos- 
sessing even  more  immediate  interest  to  the  mass  of  mankind,  while 
the  objects  of  luxury  in  classes  3 J and  3d,  exhibited  an  expensive 
elegance  quite  satisfying  to  the  most  cultivated  taste  and  largest 
fortune. 

The  Cotton  manufactures  of  Europe  experienced,  as  we  are 
aware,  great  embarrassment'  during  our  late  war,  and  sought  their 
supplies  of  the  raw  material  from  China,  India,  Egypt,  South 
America  nnd  along  the  Mediterranean.  The  ordinary  price  of 
New  Orleans  middling  cotton  in  France,  up  to  186  ),  was  about 
18  cents  per  lb.  ; in  1864  it  rose  to  70  cents  per  lb.,  and  on  the 
Ist  of  January,  1867,  was  34  cents  per  lb.  There  are  in  France 
alone  about  6,250,000  spindles  employed  in  spinning  cotton,  about 
80,000  power  looms  and  200,000  hand  looms.  In  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  there  were,  in  1861,  in 
operation,  3'>,387,467  spindles.  I^jj^r  of  power-looms,  399,992. 
The  rigures  are  much  the  same  Fr  >m  1866  m 18  >0  Great 

Britain  imported  from  the  Uniteir  States  S69,000,0i)0  pounds  of 
raw  cotton,  per  annum,  and  obtained  26(), 000,000  pounds  else- 
where. On  the  occurrence  of  our  war,  notwithstanding  the  par- 


60 


lial  success  of  blockade  runuers,  the  scarcity  became  so  great  that 
a supply  was  sought  elsewhere,  and  a successful  effort  was  made 
to  stiiniihite  cotton  production  in  British  India,  Egypt  and  other 
portions  of  the  globe  where  the  climate,  soil  and  labor  were  sup- 
posed  to  be  favorable.  As  a c msequence,  of  the  978,0u0,000 
pounds  of  raw  cotton  imported  during  1S65,  only  190,000,000 
pounds  came  from  the  United  States,  Mexico  and  the  Bahamas, 
while  BritiJi  India  alone  supplied  44:6,000,000  pounds.  Of  the 

1.260.000. 000  pounds  imported  during  the  first  eleven  months  ot 
1866,  the  United  States  furnished  474,000,000,  and  British  India 

586.000. 000.  It  is,  however,  a fact  conceded,  that  the  best  raw 
cottons  produced  in  the  United  States  are  not  equaled  by  any 
grown  elsewhere.  The  cause  of  the  superiority  is  not  so  plain ; 
but  the  best  American  ^eeed  has  not  produced  the  same  quality  ot 
staple  when  cultivated  in  foreign  fields ; so  that,  although  de- 
throned at  home,  the  American  branch  of  King  Cotton’s  royal 
family  will  continue  to  receive  chief  homage  in  the  markets  of  the 
world.  Two  gold  and  one  silver  medals  were  awarded  to  Ameri- 
can short  staple,  while,  as  indicating  the  earnestness  with  which 
the  cultivation  of  this  important  fibre  is  encouraged,  when  attempt- 
ed elsewhere,  the  government  representatives  of  Algeria,  Brazil, 
Egypt,  British  India,  the  Ottoman  Empire  and  Italy,  received  a 
Grand  Prize,  each,  for  “ Culture  of  Cotton,” — not,  it  will  be  re- 
marked, for  superiority  of  product. 

In  this  group,  also,  were  found  the  elegant  laces,  embroideries, 
and  shawls,  for  the  fabrication  of  which  in  a multitude  of  styles 
and  forms  and  materials,  different  nations  and  distiicts  are  cele- 
brated. The  cases  of  the  famous  genuine  India  Cashmere  shawls, 
the  more  beautiful  and  scarcely  less  rich  Paisleys,  the  Norwich 
silk  shawls  of  surpassing  elegance,  and  the  French  and  English 
laces,  were  so  many  centers  of  attraction  to  lady  visitors  of  every 
nationality.  This  subject,  however,  is  too  closely  allied  to  Group 
I,  (Fine  x\rts,)  to  permit  me  to  say  a word  in  criticism.  The  fab- 
rics themselves  being  in  the  highest  degree  luxuries^  it  is  rather 
to  be  preferred  that  their  manufacture  shall  not  be  rivaled  in  the 
United  States,  so  long  as  is  need  of  revenue  from  custom 

duties/^ 


*It  may,  however,  interest  some  to  . ' '^jw  facts  in  regard  to  French  laces,  derived  from 
the  offlcial  notice  of  this  class  by  a mem  ,L  the  Frencla  Committee  of  Admission ; especially 
as  the  statement  is  authentic,  and  is  somewhat  at  variance  with  common  opinion  here  on  the 
subject. 


51 


In  tlie  manufacture  of  the  fibres  wool,  flax,  hemp,  jute,  and  silk, 
as  also  of  the  substances  which,  on  account  of  their  comparative 
cheapness,  it  has  been  sought  to  substitute  for  them,  in  whole  or 
in  part,  there  has  been  enough  progress  made  by  the  United 
States  to  give  promise  of  successful  competition  with  the  rest  of 
the  world  only  in  such  fabrics  as  enter  into  common  use.  We 
may  not  hope  to  rival  the  cheap,  skilled  labor  of  Europe  or  the 
East  in  the  fabrication  of  the  most  delicate,  high-priced  tissues 
which  onlj"  the  very  wealthy  can  purchase  until  machinery 
adapted  to  their  manufacture  shall  almost  entirely  supplant  the 
hand  labor  now  used.  There  is  a strong  tendency  in  this  direction 
and  except  with  such  fabrics  as  pure  cashmere  shawls,  and  certain 
varieties  of  lace  work  which  fashion  requires  to  be  made  by  the 
fingers  and  prefers  to  buy  at  fabulous  prices  merely  because  it 
is  so  made,  there  is  no  apparent  reason  why  in  a little  while 
America  may  not  produce  of  these  goods  what  is  now  imported. 
It  was  asserted  that  the  lowe  t-priced  woolen  shawls  in  the  palace 
were  the  product  of  the  Washington  mills,  Boston,  whicli  estab- 
lishment received  a silver  medal  and  an  honorable  mention. 
New  and  improved  machinery,  better  processes  and  the  use  of 
aniline  as  a coloring  matter  recently  perfected  have  within  a tew 
years  past  increased  die  product  largely,  reduced  the  cost  of 
manufacture  and  not  deteriorated  the  quality  of  the  fabrics. 

In  class  37,  embracing  weapons  of  offensive  and  defensive  war, 
it  will  be  observed  the  United  States  exhibitors  received  an  em- 
phatic endorsement.  The  large  exhibition  by  Prussia,  England, 


The  French  laces  made  by  use  of  the  distaff  or  needle  are  known  there  under  the  names* 

1st.  Points  de  France — worked  by  the  needle,  at  AIeu9on  chiefly,  and  hence  sometimes  called 
Points  d'Alen^on.  • 

2nd.  Chantilly,  Bayeux  and  Caen— from  their  principal  market  centers,  and  comprising  the 
black  silk  lace  robes,  shawls,  veils,  etc.  Those  of  Bayeux  are  said  to  have  reached  the  extreme 
amits  of  perfection. 

3rd.  Fonds  clairs— made  at  Lille  and  Arras,  from  the  distaff;  not  much  in  use. 

4th.  Valenc'ennes— a substantial,  comparatively  low-priced  f ibric,  made  chiefly  at  Bailleul. 

6th.  Points  de  Mirecourt— varied  readily  in  style  to  the  demands  of  fashion,  greatly  esteemed 
for  general  u.?e,  and  much  im  tated  in  other  countries. 

6th.  daPuy— made  in  immense  quantity,  chiefly  at  Auvergne,  and  renowned  for  their  low 
price. 

Two  hundred  thousnnd  w' men  and  girls  are  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  the  foregoing 
kinds  of  lace-work— not  continuously,  however,  for  the  iiidust'y  is  pur.sued  entirely  by  the  fire- 
side in  the  bosom  of  the  firaily;  the  workers  alternately  employed  in  the  fields,  in  household 
duties,  and  lace-making;  at  which  last  they  earn  from  twenty-five  to  seventy  cents  per  day,  as 
they  are  less  or  more  skillful  and  industrious.  The  lace  of  the  distaf  is  made  on  a very  light, 
portable  frame,  resting  on  the  knees.  A very  large  proportion  of  these  fabrics  is  sold  to  th 
United  States. 


DPIVERSITY  Of 
mmois  library 


52 


France  and  some  others,  was  almost  suggestive  of  so  many 
attempts  to  intimidate  each  other  by  the  show  of  preparation  for 
a conflict  of  arms  to  which  an  indiscretion  on  the  part  of  either 
might  at  any  moment  call  them  all.  If  tin.  re  were  an}^  competi- 
tive tests  of  the  effectiveness  of  the  weapons  on  exhibition  I did 
not  learn  it.  The  American  repeating  lire  arms  were  examined 
by  the  public,  including  the  King  of  Prussia  and  the  Emperor 
of  France,  with  much  interest. 

In  the  FIFTH  GROUP,  embracing  the  products,  wrought  and 
unwrought,  of  extractive  industries,  the  exhibition  was  complete 
in  all  points — the  most  notable  by  the  United  States  being  in  class 
40,  where  the  wealth  of  the  western  mines  was  profusely  dis- 
played, Many  tons  of  choice  spec  mens  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
lead  and  iron  ores,  together  with  a*  fair  representation  ot  the 
various  coal  fields  and  forests,  as  also  the  c^fllection  of  fossils  from 
this  State,  inteivpersed  Avith  cases  of  the  most  higlfly  finished  edge 
tools,  formed,  perhaps,  the  most  genera.ly  attractive  feature  of  our 
American  section.  If,  however,  volcanic  Europe  is  more  famous 
for  one  thing  than  for  anv  other  it  is  her  mining  wealth,  and  this 
opportunity  to  display  the  evidences  of  it  was  not  overlooked. 
Russia,  Sweden,  Belgium,  France,  England,  Prussia,  Austria, 
Italy,  the  South  American  Republics,  and  the  English  Colonies, 
each  made  creditable  and  some  of  them  remarkablo  contributions 
of  ores  and  the  extracted  metals.  In  edge  tools  included  in  this 
class  no  c uitribution  I saw  was  at  all  comparable  to  those  exposed 
by  the  Douglass  Manufacturing  Company,  of  Rew  York  City,  to 
Avhich  was  awarded  a silver  medal. 

It  was,  however,  no  pleasant  i eflection  for  an  American  witness 
of  this  enormous  display,  that  while  we  have  at  home  literally 
mountains  ot  iron  ore,  our  railroads  are  laid  down  through  those 
mountains  Avith  European  iron  ; and  that  Swedish  and  Russia  iron 
are  so  far  Mipei for  to  American,  either  naturally  or  as  the  result  o1 
better  processes  of  manufacture,  as  for  many  purposes  to  be  yet 
used  in  our  Avorkshops  in  preference  to  the  American  product. 
There  seems  to  me  nothing  more  certain  in  the  near  future  than 
that  this  dependence  must  cease.  The  consumption  of  iron 
throughout  the  Avorld  is  enormous  and  increasing  daily.  Struc 
tiires  of  the  largest  class,  of  whatever  nature — bridges,  buildings 
ships,  etc.,  etc.,  are  dema  ding  it  in  quanti  ies  beyond  computfi 
tioii.  Great  Britain  produced  in  18Cj,  4,8i9,o00  tons  of  pig  iron, 


53 


and  used  about  21b000,000  tons  of  coal  in  the  manufacture  of  pig 
and  bar  iron  alone.  The  coal  held  of  Illinois  surpasses  in  extent 
those  of  Great  Britain,  France,  Belgium  and  Spain  combined. 
Millions  upon  millions  of  tons  of  iron  ore  of  good  quality  lie  within 
easy  reach.  The  excellence  of  our  coal  for  the  manufacture  ot 
this  ore  is  now  settled  by  undoubted  results  of  experiments  for 
that  purpose  ; and,  in  shorr,  there  certainly  is  noelemenr  lacking 
here  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  this  indusiry  in  any  of  its 
numerous  branches  and  on  ascale  commensurate  with  the  demands 
of  the  rapidly  growing  west. 

There  are  other  articles  in  this  group  in  common  use  with  the 
people  of  the  United  States  and  for  which  we  a e unnecessarily 
dependentupon  Europe-  among  them  the  osier  willow,  and  especial- 
ly the  finer  product^  of  its  manufacture.  I was  at  racted  t«>  the  ex- 
mination  of  this  subject  by  the  fac  s,  that  the  willow  can  be  grown 
on  any  good  land  in  this  State  as  easily,  and  of  as  good  quality  as 
can  be  desired ; that  the  wares  into  whi(dt  it  enters  are  used  in 
every  household ; that  being  bulky  and  light  and  less  costly  in 
proportion  to  size  than  mo-t  other  articles  of  commerce,  the  trans- 
portation alone  enhances  the  pi  ice  to  ihe  consumer  at  least  twenty 
percent.;  and  that,  notwithstanding  these  tilings,  we  import  an 
immense  quantity  of  willow  goods  from  France  and  Germany. 
France  alone  sells  abroad  annually  about  1,600,000  pounds  of  osier 
and  exports  the  chief  part  of  it  to  the  United  States,  having  in 
plantation  for  its  production  more  than  160,000  acres. 

The  advantages  claimed  f->r  this  culture  in  France^^  and  which 
it  will  be  seen  would  equally  attach  here  if  pursued  on  a sj^stem 
similar  are  : 

“ 1st.  That  every  landed  proprietor  may  engage  in  it,  as  it  requires  neither  ex- 
pensive preparation  nor  continued  residence  in  the  ccuniry  nor  great  care. 

“2d.  It  harmonizes  perfectly  with  other  farm  work.  The  osier  is  cut  and  split 
from  November  to  April  and  is  peeled  in  May  or  June,  when  the  pressing  labors  of 
the  harvest  commence.  Very  often  the  farmer  lacks  hands  for  weeding  and  harvest 
because  he  discharges  periodically  in  autumn  a portion  of  the  personnel  necessary  to 
these  labors.  Mining,  quarrying,  building  in  the  cities  and  construction  of  railways 
have  drawn  away  and  retained  these  unoccupied  farm  laborers.  How  unfortunate 
then  for  tlie  improvident  faimer  not  to  fix  permanently,  by  rogu  ar  and  steady  em 
plo.\m  nt,  the  hands  of  wliich  he  has  need  ! Wages  are  excessively  high,  tliesale  of 
his  wheat  does  not  cover  the  cost  and  when  the  crisis  comes  everything  issaciificcd 
except  himself. 

“3d.  The  more  commerce  and  industr\  are  deve’oped  the  more  osieis  will  be  in 
demand.  Every  one  knows  to  what  extent  hampers  of  osier  a e taking  the  p'uc«‘  of 


*Tra!te  Special  sur  les  Osiers— par  Louis  Gossin— Paris,  IS  jf— to  which  T i.m  indebted  for  many 
facts  in  regard  to  the  cultivation,  etc.,  of  the  osier. 


54 


boxes  for  packing  merchandise,  because  of  their  lightness  and  flexibility.  Any  one 
with  a bit  of  a string  can  repair  a hamper  which  has  been  used  several  times,  while 
boxes  must  be  prepared  after  each  trip  by  special  workmen. 

“4th.  The  hardiness  of  the  willows,  under  culture — accommodating  themselves 
to  wet  soils  abounding  in  humic  acid.  Damp  grounds,  of  little  value,  converted 
into  osieries  often  give  products  equivalent  to  those  of  the  most  fertile  prairies.” 

The  suggestion  that  the  osier  industry  may  be  used  as  a profit- 
able means  of  retaining  permanently  the  help  which  is  impera- 
tively required  at  one  season  of  the  year  and  cannot  be  otherwise 
satisfactorily  employed  at  other  seasons,  seems  to  me  well  worthy 
the  attention  of  nurserymen,  nf  large  farmers,  and  of  all  who  are 
similarly  situated.  Basket-making  is  eminently  a household  indus- 
try, and  old  and  young,  male  and  female,  may  readily  acquire  all 
the  skill  necessary  to  practice  it  when  other  occupation  does  not 
offer  better  remuneration. 

The  best  species  for  manufacture  are  the  Salix  viminalis^  Salix 
rubra  and  the  ^alix  viielliaa^  in  the  order  named.  M.  Debonnaire, 
of  Melun  (some  20  miles  from  Paris),  claims  to  have  originated  a 
hybrid  of  superior  quality.  It  has  the  appearance  of  yielding  a 
larger  crop  than  any  other  species  I observed  on  his  grounds  or 
in  the  Exposition,  and  he  asserts  that  it  takes  the  fancy  colors 
b St — possibly  only  a paternal  fancj’. 

Any  soil  upon  which  a fair  crop  of  Indian  corn  can  be  grown 
will  produce  good  osiers.  Thorough  preparation,  by  deep  plowing 
before  planting,  is  indispensable.  Bottom  lands,  if  even  siilqect 
to  overflow  and  not  absolutely  peaty  will  give  good  product,  if 
previously  deeply  broken  up  so  that  the  water  will  readily  settle 
away  from  the  roots.  Grown  on  peaty  or  very  wet  lands  the 
osier  lacks  flexibility  and  toughness.  The  ground  being  thorough- 
ly prepared  and  convenient  road-ways  left  for  the  passage  of  carts, 
the  cuttings,  ten  or  twelve  inches  in  length,  should  be  planted 
in  early  spring  so  deep  that  the  upper  bud  is  about  at  the  surface, 
or  they  may  be  cut  off  with  a pruning  shears  after  setting.  For 
use  in  delicate  work  the  finest  canes  are  produced  by  setting  in 
roW'  about  one  foot  apart  with  the  plants  eight  inches  apart  in  the 
rows.  I'he  riihra  and  vitelliva  are  preferred  for  planting  so  close  ; 
the  vlrninalis  as  well  as  all  others,  except  as  above,  should  be 
planted  in  rows  two  or  three  feet  apart,  with  space  of  a foot  or 
more  between  the  plants  in  the  rows  ; for  any  purpose,  the  longer 
and  finer  the  canes  the  better.  Such  is  the  best  practice  in  the 
French  osieries,  though  some  cultivators  prefer  greater  distance* 


55 


The  only  after-culture  required  is  weeding  ; and  this  should  be  well 
and  faithfully  done  or  the  quality  and  quantity  of  theproduct  will  be 
injuiiously  affected.  Tue  canes  of  the  fii’st  year’s  growth  should 
be  cut  oil  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  with  a very  sharp  bill-hook 
the  following  spring,  and  each  succeeding  year  at  any  convenieiit 
time  between  October  and  April ; always  being  careful  to  cut  only 
the  young  wood  and  as  near  the  surface  of  the  s<  il  as  possible. 
It  sometimes  occurs  in  light  soil  that  this  annual  cutting  enfeebles 
the  plants  to  an  injurious  extent,  in  which  case  it  will  be  wall  to 
give  rest  by  leaving  uncut  halt  of  the  plantation  one  year  and  the 
other  half  in  the  year  following.  The  two  year  old  wood  may  be 
used  for  new  plantations. 

In  regard  to  the  space  between  the  rows  and  plants  in  the  rows, 
it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  increased  distance  involves  in- 
crease of  labor  in  annual  cultivation  without  in  general  affording 
any  corresponding  improvement  in  the  osier  crop  or  its  quality, 
and  that  the  value  of  the  canes  depends  greatly  on  their  fineness 
and  length,  v/hich  are  both  secured  only  by  close  planting. 

Unless  the  annual  cutting  be  done  with  care  and  where  the  sur- 
face does  not  receive  a deposit  by  occasional  overflow,  it  may 
sometimes  be  requisite,  in  order  to  maintain  the  plamationin  full 
vigor,  to  give  it  a top-dressing  of  good  soil  or  well  rotted  manure 
so  deep  as  to  cover  any  projecting  stumps  of  thestools.  An  osiery 
treated  in  this  manner  will  last  indeflnitely ; if  not  top-dressed 
nor  inundated  it  will  show  signs  of  failure  in  ten  to  fifteen  years. 
A full  crop  of  canes  is  obtained  the  fourth  year,  and  this  with  the 
preceding  partial  crops  will,  in  France,  more  than  pay  back  the 
entire  outlay. 

The  canes  are  used  with  the  bark  on  for  coarse  basket-work  ; 
peeled  for  ordinary  and  flue  work ; and  split  usually  into  three 
equal  parts  and  retaining  the  bark  for  cooperage.  When  not  to  be 
peeled  or  split,  they  are  cut  any  time  from  November  to  April, 
left  on  the  ground  five  or  six  days  to  dry,  and  then  tied  with  two 
bands  in  large  bundles  preparatory  to  being  carted  off.  Before 
tying,  the  canes  should  be  sorted  in  threegrades,  the  longest  being 
from  7 to  10  feet,  the  average  3-J-  to  6 feet,  and  the  shortest  2^  to 
3^  feet ; the  butts  should  be  together  and  on  the'  same  plane. 

Those  designed  to  be  peeled  are  cut  at  the  close  of  winter,  or 
about  the  time  the  sap  starts,  tied  in  small  bundles  with  a single 
band  some  eight  inches  above  the  butts,  and  2flaced  upright,  butt- 


56 


ends  down,  in  clean  va^s  of  pure  soft  water  to  the  deptii  of  some 
18  inches.  The  level  of  the  water  should  not  va-j  much;  a slight 
covering  to  protect  iherri  from  frost,  if  out  of  doors,  is  necessary  ; 
for,  the  sap  having  once  started,  if  the  circulation  is  stopped  by 
cold  the  bark  cannot  be  so  readil  y detaclied.  Nor  will  the  sap  rise 
so  well  if  the  water  be  hard  and  cold.  The  canes  are  sometimes 
cut  in  full  sap,  in  which  case  the  peeling  is  done  at  once  ; the  first 
process,  liowever,  is  preferred  because  the  quality  of  the  canes  is 
better  and  by  allo^ving  plenty  of  time  it  facilitates  operations  on  a 
large  scale,  if  the  peeling  is  to  be  finished  in  May,  the  canes  may 
be  placed  in  the  water  as  soon  as  they  are  brought  from  the  osiery, 
but  if  not  until  in  June,  they  should  be  stored  in  a cellar  and  no 
placed  in  the  water  until  within  ten  or  fifteen  days  of  peeling. 
Any  which  it  is  expected  to  keep  to  the  end  of  June  before  peel- 
ing should  be  put  in  water  when  brought  from  the  field,  with- 
drawn and  stored  in  a cellar  for  some  time,  and  then  again  placed 
in  the  water. 

Whenever  the  buds  of  the  osier  begin  to  open  the  peeling  may  be 
done.  It  is  liglu  work  performed  by  hand  ; women  and  children 
do  it  very  rapidly.  I do  not  know  whether  any  mechanism  has 
yet  been  invented  by  which  the  operation  can  be  well  and  rapidly 
done.  The  canes  are  drawn  fii  st  by  one  end,  then  by  the  other 
through  a spring  vice  with  long  jaws,  fixed  up  ight  in  a post  at 
about  18  inches  or  two  feet  from  the  ground,  the  opei’ator  sitting 
meanwhile.  The  loosened  bark  with  any  bds  still  adhering  is 
then  readily  removed  by  hand.  The  bundles  of  the  dried  canes 
are  then  made  up  by  laying  a band  on  the  ground  with  the  length 
of  just  four  feet,  exclusive  of  enough  at  the  ends  to  twist  as  in 
binding  wheat,  distinctly  marked;  the  canes  almost  sufficient  for 
a bundle  are  then  placed  on  the  band  with  the  butts  projecting  a 
few  inches,  wlien  the  band  is  tied  or  fastened  by  twisting  so  as  to 
make  the  circumference  of  the  bundle  just  4 feet.  Other  canes 
are  then  inserted  until  no  more  can  be  pressed  under  the  band 
when  the  base  of  the  bundle  is  leveled  by  striking  with  a mallet 
and  another  band  firmly  drawn  around,  about  half  or  two-thirds 
the  distance  to  the  top.  Placing  the  canes  straight,  binding  firm- 
ly, and  preserving  an  even  base,  are  the  important  points  of  the 
manipulation  on  which  somewhat  of  the  market  value  is  depend- 
ent. The  bundles  thus  prepared  may  be  stored  under  shelter 
from  rain  until  wanted  for  market  or  manufacture.  The  SaLix 


57 


riibm  and  mtellina  designed  to  be  split  may  be  cut  in  November, 
December  or  January,  put  in  a cellar  and  split  before  they  dr^, 
or  may  be  dried  and  spl  t afterwards,  as  most  desirable.  The  split- 
ting, as  I saw  it  done,  was  performed  by  passing  the  butt-end  of 
each  cane  through  a short  tube  firmly  fixed,  in  which  there  were 
tliree  blades  extending  from  the  center  to  the  circumference,  then 
seizing  the  cane  on  the  other  end  of  the  tube  and  drawing  it 
through,  thus  separating  it  into  three  equal  parts. 

Osier  plantations  are  subject  to  injury : 1st,  by  frosts  in  the 
spring  which,  by  injuring  the  young  shoots,  retard  growth  and 
diminish  the  product.  There  is,  of  course,  no  remedy.  . 

2d.  By  attack  of  certain  species  of  snails  which  are  fond  of  the 
tender  buds,  and  are  particularly  to  be  feared  in  first  year  s plan- 
tations. As  no  part  of  the  north  western  United  States  is  infested 
with  these  mollusks,  which  abound  by  myriads  in  France,  I 
imagine  no  apprehension  of  ravages  by  them  among  our  osieries 
need  be  felt.  The  remedy,  however,  is  powdered  quicklime 
sprinkled  twice  at  intervals  of  half  an  hour  during  a fog  or  on  the 
approach  of  a mild  shower  when  the  snails  are  all  out  feeding. 

3d.  By  attack  on  the  roots  by  the  tree  beetle  or  white  worm  (?) — 
sometimes  injurious  to  young  plantations  ; remedy,  or  rather  pre- 
vention, deep  spading  or  plowing  before  planting. 

4th.  By  stings  of  certain  insects  on  the  upper  ends  of  the  * 
branches  (terminal  buds),  causing  the  leaves  to  be  developed  in  a 
rose  form,  from  which  the  shoots  ramify  and  lose  much  of  their 
value.  No  remedy  known. 

5th.  By  eating  of  the  foliage  in  summer  by  several  species  of 
Coleoptera^  the  most  dangerous  being  the  steel-blue  (?).  Its  larvae, 
which  are  black,  devour  the  young  leaves  with  great  avidity.  The 
most  promising  remedy  is  sprinkling  with  pyritic  ashes  and 
powdered  quicklime. 

6th . Small  excrescences  or  warts,  the  size  of  a pea,  are  produced 
by  the  puncture  of  an  unknown  insect,  and,  when  numerous,  in- 
jure the  osier.  No  remedy  known. 

7th.  By  tramping  of  animals,  which  if  permitted,  will  produce 
sad  havoc.  Bemedy,  keep  everything  of  the  sort  OS’,  except  when 
required  by  cultivation  or  harvest. 

8th.  By  invasion  of  the  bindweed  {Convolvulus).  Remedy, 
prompt  extirpation. 


8 


58 


9tli.  By  hail  wounding  the  shoots  and  rendering  them  brittle 
at  the  points  of  injury.  'No  remedy,  of  course  ; the  only  mitiga- 
tion is  to  select  for  use  what  may  have  escaped. 

10th.  By  gun-shot  wounds — worse  than  hail,  as  far  as  they  go. 
Kemedy,  prosecute  tlm  hunters  perseveringly  ; for  they  all  soon 
learn  that  osiers  are  splendid  hiding  places  for  quail,  grouse,  rab- 
bits, etc.,  and  the  tempta^on  to  trespass  is  very  great. 

11th.  The  osiers  are  sometimes  discolored — a serious  evil,  with- 
out remedy.  The  product  may  however  be  used  for  crates  and 
other  coarse  work.  It  is  caused  by  rust  induced  by  climatic 
conditions  not  to  be  controlled  ; usually,  however,  confined  to  low 
situations  and  foggy  weather. 

I visited*  at  M^un,  before  mentioned,  the  plantations  andfactory 
of  M.  Debonnaire,  who  cultivates  some  thirty  acres  of  osier,  and 
emplojs  in  the  different  prisons  of  France  some  400  workmen  on 
baskets  made  of  osier,  rattan  and  esparto ; the  entire  products 
being  sold  in  the  French  markets.  The  rattan  he  buys  at  Ant- 
werp, where  it  arrives  from  India,  at  8 cents  per  pound ; the  esparto 
is  a slender,  flexible,  tough  species  of  rush  growing  wild  on  the 
poorer  soils  of  Spain.  I do  not  remember  its  cost  price. 

Mr.  D.’s  exhibition  in  the  palace  was  very  fine,  and  he  kindly 
offered  me  information  on  every  point.  He  entertains  no  doubt, 
whatever,  of  the  feasibility  of  manufacturing  such  ware  in  Illinois 
profitably  on  any  desirable  scale ; and  expressed  much  anxiety 
to  place  his  son  in  the  management  of  such  an  enterprise  in  com- 
pany with  others  here ; the  skilled  labor  to  be  furnished,  as 
required  from  time  to  time,  from  the  employees  of  his  own  factory. 

I am  strongly  inclined  to  believe  that  such  an  industry  located 
on  the  margin  of  any  of  the  navigable  waters  of  this  State  will 
result,  if  well  managed,  in  great  profit  to  those  who  shall  prose- 
cute it.  The  wholesale  price  of  willow,  rattan  and  esparto  ware 
at  M.  Debonnaire’s  factory  is  not  greater  than  one-fourth  the  retail 
price  in  Springfield,  Illinois. 

In  noticing  the  exhibition  of  FIBEES  in  this  same  group,  one  is 
forcibly  impressed  with  two  facts,  of  which  the  evidence  is  written 
in  broad,  legible  characters  all  over  the  face  of  Europe ; and 
which  the  political  economists,  the  Industrial  Universities  and 
Colleges  of  this  country  should  not  fail  to  give  their  due  weight 


*Ia  company  with  W.  W.  Corbett  and  E.  B.  Wight,  Esqrs.,  of  Chicago. 


59 


in  legislation,  and  in  the  courses  of  study  they  adopt,  to-wit: 
that  what  are  termed  industrial  cultures^  jielding  raw  materials 
for  manufactures,  give  far  richer  returns,  directly  and  indirectly, 
than  are  derived  from  an  equal  expenditure  of  capital  and  labor 
in  the  production  of  what  are  called,  in  contradistinction,  commodi- 
ties of  coribumptiorb  / and  that  a nation  or  district  may  import  a 
large  proportion  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  yet  maintain  a 
maximum  density  of  popula'ioii  if  only  manufactures  flourish 
within  its  boundaries.  Thus  the  vegetable  product  per  acre  of 
the  lower  Rhine  in  the  French  province  of  Alsace,  owing  entirely 
to  its  rich  industrial  cultures,-^  exceeds  largely  that  of  Great 
Britain  or  even  England  alone  ; and  there  is  still  an  excess  in 
favor  of  the  former  when  the’  combined  vegetable  and  animal 
products  of  the  lower  Rhine  and  England  are  compared.  When, 
however,  populate  ms  are  compared,  we  find  the  lower  Rhine 
sustaining  h30  and  England  1^3  to  the  hectare  (about  2J  acres) ; 
and  this  notwithstanding  the  latter  imports  annually  and  pays  in 
gold  for  at  least  260  millions  pounds  of  meat,  180  millions  pounds 
of  butter  and  cheese,  74  millions  pounds  of  potatoes,  wheat 
and  flour  sufficient  for  3,000  millions  pounds  of  bread,  and,  for 
agricultural  purposes  in  Great  Britain,  467  millions  pounds  of 
guano,  144  millions  pounds  of  bones  and  animal  charcoal,  176 
millions  pounds  of  oil  cake,  more  than  3 millions  hectolitres  of 
nitrate  ot  soda,  together  with  more  than  500  millions  dollars  worth 
of  raw  materials  used  in  manufacture:  deducting  in  all  cases  the 
quantity  re-exported. 

In  other  words,  England  imports  subsistence  for  about  one-third 
of  her  population  (at  least  6 millions  out  of  18,954,444  in  1865),  im- 
ports almost  the  entire  raw  materials  for  her  principal  manufactures, 
except  minerals,  and  by  her  manufacturing  industry  sustains  a 
population  only  exceeded  in  density,  perhaps,  by  one  or  two 
small  provinces  of  Europe.  The  inference,  to  my  mind,  is  irre- 
sistible that,  in  a country  like  the  United  States,  where  the  raw 
materials  for  almost  every  possible  branch  of  manufacture  are 
found,  or  can  be  so  cheaf)ly  produced,  right  along-side  of  a full 
su|)ply  of  all  the  necessaries  of  life,  the  most  dense  population  on 
the  face  of  the  globe  can  be  sustained  comfortably,  if  only  manu- 


* Rapport  de  M.  Eugene  Tisserand,  Inspecteur  gederal,  Chef  de  la  Division  des  domaines  agri  - 
oies  de  la  Couronne,  President  de  FEnquets  dans  la  13e  CirconscripLion.  Paris,  18j7. 


GO 


factures  and  agriculture  go  hand  in  hand — if  only  agriculturists 
shall  be  encouraged  to  devote  themselves  to  the  industrial  cul- 
tures in  due  proportion,  and  manufacturers  shall  be  encouraged  to 
establish  themselves  throughout  this  inviting  field. 

The  scarcity  of  raw  cotton  occasioned  by  our  late  war,  together 
with  the  palpable  advantages  to  be  derived,  stimulated  the  culti- 
vation of  flax  and  hemp  in  Europe  very  greatly.  Fiance  has 
planted  this  branch  of  agriculture  firmly  in  her  Algerine  colonies, 
and  extended  it  within  her  own  borders. 

As  the  result  of  inquiry  in  regard  to  the  cultivation  and  hand- 
ling of  flax,  I made  notes  of  what  appeared  to  be  the  methods 
likely  to  prove  most  successful  here. 

The  flax  of  Riga  (Russian)  is  most  highly  esteemed  for  quality 
of  the  fibre,  but  the  seed  degenerates  in  France,  Belgium  and 
Holland  to  such  a degree  that  it  is  necessary  to  seek  fresh  sup- 
plies direct  from  Russia  every  second  year.  The  soil  is  prepared 
for  the  reception  of  the  seed  by  plowing  once  in  the  fall,  or  rather 
late  summer,  and  twice  in  the  spring,  in  as  large  lands  as  possible 
to  avoid  leaving  numerous  dead  furrows — harrowing  after  each 
spring  plowing  and  rolling  after  the  last.  The  seed  is  then  sown 
either  drilled  or  broadcast,  lightly  harrowed  and  lightly  rolled  in. 
If  manures  are  used  (as  they  always  are  on  the  lands  devoted  to 
this  purpose  in  either  of  the  countries  named),  they  should  be 
applied  after  the  first  spring  plowing,  and  if  barn-yard  manure, 
only  in  a well  decomposed  state.  It  is  called  an  exhausting  crop 
and  requires  the  soil  to  be  rich’  in  humus.  There  is  little  doubt 
that  any  soil  equal  to  the  production  of  an  average  crop  of  Indian 
corn  in  this  State,  a deep,  friable  loam  with  a clay  subsoil,  is  suffi- 
ciently stored  with  all  the  elements  necessary  for  the  growth  of  a 
good  crop  of  flax.  The  seed  should  be  of  uniform  color,  a bright 
brown,  shining,  plump,  heavy  and  free  from  any  musty  odor  ; and 
should  weigh  from  41  to  43  lbs  to  the  bushel.  The  average  number 
of  seeds  in  a bushel  of  41  lbs  about  4,000,000.  Before  sowing,  the 
seed  should  always  be  passed  through  a fauning  mill  and  cleaned 
from  all  foreign  substances,  immature  or  imperfect  seeds,  and  espe- 
cially from  every  other  sort  of  seed.  No  other  crop  sutlers  more  se- 
verely from  the  presence  of  weeds  than  flax,  and  no  pains  should  be 
spared  to  keep  them  out.  The  tivieof  sowiitg^  from  the  1st  to  the 
15th  of  May.  In  determining  tlie  quantity  of  seed  per  acre^  account 
must  be  taken  of  the  quality  of  the  soil  and  of  the  main  crop 


61 


desired,  whether  seed  or  tibre.  On  strong,  fertile  soil,  when  seed 
is  the  object,  about  eighty  pounds  per  acre  is  the  proper  quantity  ; 
when  fibre,  the  quantity  should  be  increased  to  one  hundred  and 
twenty  pounds  per  acre.  On  lighter  soils  the  amount  sown  might 
be  reduced  say  twenty  per  cent,  in  each  case.  Whatever  method 
of  seeding  be  adopted,  whether  drilled  or  broadcast,  the  greatest 
care  should  be  exercised  to  spread  the  seed  evenly.  Y ery  much 
depends  upon  this,  particularly  if  a beautiful,  regular,  even  fibre 
is  desired.  Windy  days  should  be  avoided,  and  it  is  often  best 
to  sow  half  the  seed  in  one  direction  and  cross-sow  with  the  other 
half.  The  subsequent  rolling  should  be  done  when  the  soil  will 
neither  jpack  nor  ]}laster. 

In  eight  or  ten  days  the  plants  will  appear  and  no  other  labor 
is  required  until  harvest,  unless  patches  of  weeds  show  them- 
selves ; in  which  case,  children  in  their  bare  feet  should  be  sent 
in  to  remove  them  with  care,  so  as  to  disturb  the  growing  flax  as 
little  as  possible.  But  let  the  weeds  be  cleared  out  at  all  events. 

Like  every  other  species  of  vegetation,  the  fiax  is  liable  to  cli- 
matic injury.  It  also  sometimes  suffers  from  the  attack  of  an 
insect  (a  species  of  plant-louse),  from  the  parasitic  plant  dodder 
(genus  cuscuta)^  and  smut.  1 imagine,  however,  drouth  and  hail 
storms  are  more  to  be  feared  in  Illinois  than  insects  or  parasites  ; 
and  thorough  preparation  of  the  soil,  as  we  know,  rarely  fails  to 
afford  entire  immunity  from  the  effects  of  drouth.  The  remedy 
for  dodder  is  simply  to  tear  it  away  by  hand  and  burn  it ; for  smut, 
the  use  of  perfectly  sound  seed  on  good  soil ; and  for  the  plant- 
louse,  scattering  freely  over  the  field  wood  ashes  and  soot. 

Harvesting  must  be  done  by  hand  pulling,  if  the  fibre  is  the 
principal  object ; there  is  no  substitute  yet,  though  inventors  are 
looking  in  this  direction  ; and  the  pulling  should  be  done  when 
the  lower  third  of  the  stalk  is  turned  yellow  ; the  capsules  contain- 
ing the  seed  will  also  have  partly  changed  color.  If  pulled  earlier 
the  fibre  will  be  too  soft  and  tender,  and  there  is  too  much  w^aste 
in  dressing ; if  pulled  later,  the  fibre  obtained  will  be  too  dry,  hard 
and  coarse  ; if  pulled  at  the  time  indicated,  the  fibre  will  be  in 
the  best  condition,  and  a considerable  part  of  the  seed  will  be 
found  matured.  If  grown  for  seed  only,  it  ma^q  of  course  be  cut 
with  any  mowing  or  reaping  machine  in  ordinary  use  ; in  which 
case,  also,  the  subsequent  operations  of  binding,  shocking,  stack- 
ing and  threshing  are  well  understood — there  is  then  little  value 


62 


in  the  straw.  The  pulling  should  be  done  by  seizing  small  bunches 
with  one  or  both  hands,  drawing  them  obliquely  out  of  the  ground, 
shaking  them  lightly  to  detach  the  earth  from  tlie  roots,  picking 
out  from  among  them  all  weeds  or  other  foreign  matter,  and  de- 
positing them  in  an  even  line  on  the  ground,  with  the  tops  lying 
always  in  the  same  direction.  In  a little  while,  two  or  three  days 
or  more,  as  the  weather  and  other  circumstances  may  favor,  the 
flax  may  be  gathered  into  small  bundles,  bound  loosely  and  cocked, 
as  is  done  with  oats  or  wheat  (except  that  caps  are  not  required 
unless  the  cocks  are  expected  to  remain  long  in  the  field),  being 
careful  to  build  the  cocks  firmly,  not  by  pressing  the  sheaves 
together  so  much  as  by  spreading  the  bases,  in  order  tliat  the  air 
may  circulate  freely  through  and  dry  them  quickly.  The  object 
is  to  cure  the  straw  and  to  avoid  as  fully  as  possible  any  rotting  or 
decay  before  that  process  is  regularly  undertaken. 

When  it  is  ascertained  by  inspection  that  the  straw  is  cured,  the 
crop  may  be  hauled  to  a barn  or  elsewhere  under  shelter  and 
threshed.  The  seed  is  detached  either  by  drawing  the  upper 
extremities  of  the  straw  through  a ripple  (usually  a row  of  iron 
teeth,  15  to  18  inches  long,  pointed  at  the  top  and  fastened  in  a 
piece  of  wood)  about  3-16  of  an  inch  apart  at  the  bottom,  fixed 
cross-wise  a bench  ; or  by  taking  the  straw  a handful  at  a time, 
and  striking  the  tops  lightly,  so  as  not  to  break  the  stems,  with  a 
light  wood  paddle — thus  also  at  the  same  time  bursting  the  cap- 
sules and  avoiding  any  necessity  of  further  threshing.  As  fast  as 
the  threshing  is  done  the  straw  may  be  piled  up  in  bundles  under 
shelter,  or  placed  where  it  is  to  undergo  the  process  of  retting. 
And  here,  if  this  industry  were  well  systematized,  the  labor  of 
the  cultivator  would  end,  except  that  he  would  deliver  the  crop 
in  properly  cured,  carefully  threshed  bundles  at  the  grounds  of 
the  manufacturer,  where  the  subsequent  processes  of  retting  and 
dressing  could  usually  be  far  better  and  more  cheaply  performed 
than  on  the  farm. 

Retting  dissolves  the  gummy  matter  which  causes  the  textile 
fibre  to  adhere  to  the  woody  matter  of  the  straw  and  prevents  the 
separation  of  the  two  by  breaking  and  scutching.  It  is  a delicate 
operation.  The  process  of  fermentation  must  be  continued,  under 
proper  conditions,  just  long  enough  to  dissolve  this  gum,  or  there 
will  be  great  waste,  and  no  longer,  or  there  will  result  a serious 
injury  to  the  quality  of  the  fibre. 


63 


If  the  retting  be  done  in  running  water ^ the  bundles  may  be 
placed  in  covered  vats  securely  anchored  in  the  bed  of  a stream, 
and  entirely  submerged,  with  numerous  small  apertures  at  either 
end,  so  that  the  water  may  run  regularly  and  evenly  through  in 
all  parts.  A small  spring  of  pure  water  (water  not  charged  with 
salt  or  other  injurious  chemicals)  may  be  used  by  imbedding  the 
va's  properly,  far  enough  from  the  source  for  the  temperature  of 
the  water  to  be  modified  by  the  air,  or  filling  a supply -pond  some 
days  previous  to  depositing  the  bundles.  The  straw  must  be  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  pure  water,  of  moderate  temperature,  with- 
out intermission  until  the  process  is  complete.  This  will  occur 
during  the  season  from  July  to  October  inclusive,  in  4 to  15  days. 
Whenever  the  fibre  can  be  easily  detached  the  whole  length  of 
the  stem,  the  retting  is  finished  ; and  this  is  ascertained  only  by 
constant  watching,  frequently  withdrawing  a few  stems,  drying 
and  breaking  them.  The  bundles  are  then  taken  out,  unbound, 
spread  out  on  a green-sward  and  thoroughly  dried — the  quicker 
the  better. 

If  dtw-retting  be  resorted  to,  it  may  be  done  by  placing  the 
straw  after  threshing,  thinly  and  evenly  on  green-sward  or  meadow, 
where  it  should  lie  some  seven  to  nine  days,  and  then  be  turned 
with  a wooden  fork ; after  lying  six  or  eight  days  longer  the 
retting  will  be  complete,  and  this  is  ascertained  by  trial  as  before. 
On  a large  scale,  and  in  establishments  prepared  for  the  work 
retting  may  be  done  at  any  season  of  the  year,  the  vats  being 
under  shelter  and  the  temperature  regulated  by  steam.  Dew- 
retting  never  yields  a fibre  so  free  from  discoloration  or  so  valu- 
able in  other  respects  as  water-retting. 

Farther  preparation  of  the  fibre  is  now  done  by  machinery  quite 
as  well  as  it  was  ever  done  by  hand. 

For  breaking  fiax,  the  machine  of  Sanford  & Mallory  seemed 
to  perform  its  work  as  rapidly,  as  thoroughly,  with  as  little  waste 
and  with  as  little  expenditure  of  power  as  any  I saw  tested  at 
Billancourt,  where  it  had  many  rivals.  Being  of  American 
manufacture  (exhibited,  however,  by  an  English  firm),  it  is  easily 
obtained  here  and  is  well  known. 

The  simplest,  and  in  my  judgment,  the  best  scutching  machine 
on  exhibition  was  one  shown  by  M.  Jh.  Pernollet,  116  Kue  St. 
Maur  Popincourt,  Paris.  The  scutching  is  elFected  by  six  elastic 
paddles  projecting  beyond  the  circumference  of  a wheel ; the  flax. 


64: 


in  suitable  quantities,  being  presented  through  a horizontal  slot 
in  a board  standing  upright  close  to  the  revolving  paddles.  The 
machine  is  operated  by  one  man  who  also  handles  the  flax,  or  it 
may  be  attached  to  any  power  and  the  speed  regulated  by  suitable 
gearing.  The  price  in  Paris  is  $40. 

There  are  also  combined  Breaking  and  Scutching  Machines,  of 
which  one  manufactured  by  Messrs.  John  Powan  & Sons,  of 
Belfast,  Ireland,  is  highly  esteemed  by  competent  judges  in  Ire- 
land. It  has,  I think,  been  introduced  into  Canada.  The  price 
is  about  $120. 

The  profits  of  flax  culture  depend,  of  course,  largely  on  circum- 
stances not  under  the  farmer’s  control.  In  Belgium,  in  some 
portions  of  France  and  of  Italy,  a fibre  is  produced  which  enters 
into  the  composition  of  an  endless  variety  of  silk  goods,  and  is 
worth,  when  prepared  for  manufacture,  from  4,000  to  6,000  francs 
per  ton  ($800  to  $1,200).  From  this,  as  the  extreme,  the  price 
falls  to  a minimum  of  perhaps  $100  per  ton — as  low  as  a tol- 
erably fair  article  of  scutched  flax  is  ever  sold  in  this  country  (U. 
S.)  It  is  safe  to  expect  a crop  of  8 to  12  bushels  of  seed  and  250 
to  400  pounds  of  scutched  flax  per  acre. 

Owing  to  causes  well  understood,  flax  and  wool  have  of  late 
been  steadily  supplanting  cotton  in  the  manufacture  of  many 
tissues  for  clothing,  and  so  far  as  is  apparent,  there  is  no  reason 
to  believe  this  tendency  will  not  continue  until  still  more  import- 
ant results  are  reached.  The  area  on  which  cotton  can  be 
profitably  cultivated,  even  with  cheap  labor  and  under  other  cir- 
cumstances of  heavy  demand,  etc.,  is  at  best  quite  limited.  Flax 
is  profitably  grown  now  from  Algeria  to  northern  Russia,  and  may 
be  grown  almost  wherever  civilized  man  chooses  to  live ; from  the 
tropics  up  well  towards  the  poles. 

For  flax  in  different  stages  of  preparation,  gold  medals  were 
awarded  to  citizens  of  Russia,  Belgium,  Algeria  and  France; 
silver  medals  to  citizens  of  France  and  Belgium;  bronze  medals 
to  citizens  of  France,  Belgium,  Holland,  Russia,  Italy,  Great 
Britain,  Austria,  Canada  and  Algeria. 

Of  SILK  in  cocoons  there  was  a good  show  from  Spain,  Turkey, 
France,  Algeria,  Austria,  Greece,  Portugal  and  Equador.  The 
only  notable  improvement  in  silk  culture  of  recent  adoption  and 
promising  important  results  is  the  system  of  isolating  the  worms 


65 


while  they  spin  their  cocoons  and  deposit  their  eggs,  by  means  of 
portable,  cellular  frames,  the  cells  being  of  proper  size  for  a single 
cocoon  each.  In  substituting  this  for  the  old  methods  double 
cocoons  are  avoided ; the  eggs  of  each  worm  are  deposited  by 
themselves  and  can  be  more  easily  examined  to  determine  their 
soundness  ; even  temperature  and  better  ventilation  are  secured  ; 
and  in  short  most,  if  not  all,  the  old  maladies  and  causes  of  disease 
and  injury  to  the  worms  and  the  cocoons  surely  avoided.  The 
invention,  together  with  the  most  elaborate  details  of  experiments 
made  fora  series  of  years,  have  been  placed  before  the  silk-growing 
public  and  have  caused  quite  a sensation.  The  silk  industry  has  of 
late  felt  serious  embarrassment  by  reason  of  disease  among  the 
worms  and  consequent  short  crop  of  the  fibre,  and  the  inventor  of 
this  new  system  for  the  rearing  of  silk  worms,”  M.  DelPrino,  of 
Alexandria,  Italy,  was  awarded  by  the  jury  in  class  Y4  (where  the 
apparatus  was  exhibited)  a gold  medal.  Should  it  result  on  fur- 
ther trial,  as  claimed  by  the  inventor,  that  silk  culture  with  this 
system  “ becomes  only  a useful  family  amusement  unattended 
with  labor”  we  may  possibly  find  it  in  time  fiourishing  in  this 
country  on  a more  substantial  basis  than  when  the  muUicaulis 
fever  prevailed. 

Of  HEMP  there  was,  of  course,  a fine  exhibition  in  all  stages  of 
preparation  and  manufacture,  and  by  all  the  principal  nations  ex- 
cept the  United  States.  The  most  beautifully  prepared  hemp  was 
from  Italy,  samples  of  which  I obtained.  So  far  as  I could  learn, 
there  is  no  process  by  which  a superior  fibre  is  obtained,  that  is 
not  understood  the  world  over.  There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that 
American  grown  hemp  may  not  be  rotted,  broken  and  dressed  so 
that  the  fibre  shall  equal  in  appearance  and  in  every  desirable 
quality  the  best  European.  Care  in  every  step  of  growth  and 
subsequent  manipulation,  as  with  fiax,  will  secure  the  best  results. 

WOOL.  The  sheep  is  a true  cosmopolite  ; his  home  is  every- 
where in  habitable  climes ; and  nearly  every  nation  participating  in 
the  Exposition  brought  samples  of  his  fleece.  Beyond  all  ques- 
tion, the  Prussian  wool-room,  filled  with  elegant  cases  of  specimens 
from  the  world-renowned  flocks  of  that  kingdom — the  walls  hung 
with  oil  paintings  and  photographs  of  the  most  noted  animals — 
presented  the  most  beautiful,  complete  and  unique  exhibition  of 
this  important  interest  in  the  Palace.  The  Central  Agricultural 
9 


66 


Society  of  Silesia,  at  Breslau ; Lehman,  of  Nitsche ; Thaer,  of 
Moeglin  ; Bruenneck,  of  Bellschwitz ; Hotfschlager,  of  Weisin  ; 
Baron  Maltzahn,  of  Lenschow;  Baron  Eisner  de  Gronow,  ot 
Kalinowitz,  and  others — more  than  one  hundred  exhibitors  in 
all — had  evidently  spared  neither  time  nor  expense  to  get  up  a 
most  elaborate  show  in  the  most  attractive  style.  The  effect  was 
far  beyond  any  previous  conception  I had  entertained  ; and  by  the 
courtesy  of  Dr.  Louis  Wittmack,  of  Berlin,  who  represented  the 
Prussian  Minister  of  Agriculture,  as  well  as  the  Commissioner 
General  of  Prussia  at  the  Exposition,  I was  enabled,  not  only  to 
examine  in  detail  this  entire  collection,  but  to  obtain  samples  of 
the  wool  from  almost  every  contribution.  These  samples,  now  on 
your  shelves,  you  have  already  seen — and  they  fairly  represent 
all  the  different  grades  of  wool  produced  in  Prussia,  and,  indeed, 
with  few  exceptions,  all  the  desirable  grades  grown  anywhere. 

The  French  exhibition  of  wool  was  not  quite  so  striking  at  first 
view,  because  not  so  well  arranged  nor  nearly  so  extensive;  nor 
* were  the  individual  contributions  so  elaborately  or  expensively 
displayed. 

General  Girod,  of  Chevry ; Godin,  of  Chatillon-sur-Seine  ; 
Gilbert,  of  Yideville  ; Graux,  of  Mauchamp,  and  some  twenty 
others,  together  with  the  Imperial  Farms,  including  the  well 
known  Kambouillet  wool,  made  up  a splendid  exhibition. 

These  two,  the  French  and  Prussian  taken  together,  contained 
samples  of  the  esteemed  varieties  peculiar  to  the  continent  of 
Europe,  as  well  as  all  those  of  acknowledged  merit  in  Great 
Britain ; so  that  it  is  not  necessary  in  what  I have  to  say  on  wool 
and  sheep  to  go  beyond  these  collections  to  find  anything  not 
already  familiar  to  every  one  in  this  country  who  has  given  atten- 
tion to  recent  publications  on  this  general  subject.  Neither  shall 
I repeat  for  the  thousandth  time  what  may  be  found  in  almost 
every  “ Essay  on  Sheep  and  Wool,”  in  regard  to  the  origin,  char- 
acter and  history  of  the  numerous  races  of  sheep  now  acclimated 
in  this  country ; all  this  has  its  interest  and  value,  but  its  repeti- 
tion here  would  be  of  little  service.  For  the  sake  of  brevity,  only 
such  facts  and  opinions  will  be  stated  as  are  supposed  to  bear  on 
the  production  and  manufacture  of  wool  in  this  country. 

In  all  the  samples  exhibited  in  the  Palace  and  among  those  I 
saw  elsewhere,  there  were  but  three,  or  at  most  four,  varieties 
possessing  desirable  qualities  which  may  not  be  readily  duplicated 


67 


from  tlie  flocks  of  Illinois.  These  were  the  Negretii^  of  Prussia — 
the  best  staple  for  the  manufacture  of  the  flnest  broadcloths  ; the 
Merinos  of  Naz^  of  France — quite  similar  in  all  important  re- 
spects ; the  Mauchamp^  of  France — an  exceedingly  lustrous,  silky 
flbre,  resembling  Angora  goat’s  wool,  and  of  an  average  length  of 
about  four  and  a half  inches  or  possibly  flve  ; and  the  Ramhouillet^ 
a French  merino  de  laine  wool^  having  in  general  a fine  staple 
of  three  to  four  inches  in  length.  Of  the  first  and  last  named 
races  there  have  been  importations  into  the  United  States,  and 
their  blood  is  mingled  with  that  of  others  in  what  we  call  Ameri- 
can Merino^  so  that  in  some  of  our  large  flocks  it  would  not  be 
difficult  to  find  fleeces  and  animals  closely  resembling  both  the 
Negretti  and  Ramhouillet.  It  seems  to  me  to  be  entirely  feasible 
for  any  shepherd  of  good  judgment  to  make  selections  from  the 
flocks  already  here,  known  as  French^  Spanish  and  American 
merinos,  and  by  breeding  carefully  and  perseveringly  to  produce, 
in  all  essential  points  of  carcass  and  wool,  either  one  of  these  two 
varieties.  It  may  be  that  the  same  fineness  of  fibre  as  in  the 
Negretti  could  not  be  reached  and  permanently  fixed  in  this 
country,  but  for  this  suggestion,  often  made,  I have  not  heard  any 
good  reason  oftered.  Between  the  western  plains  and  the  Alle- 
gheny mountains,  the  northern  lakes  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
not  to  mention  the  extreme  western  States  and  Territories,  there 
are  surely  to  be  found  all  the  conditions  of  soil,  climate  and  herb- 
age which  are  present  in  Prussia  or  France;  besides  it  is  well 
known  that  at  the  London  International  Exhibition  of  1851,  the 
fine  short-stapled  carding  wools  from  Tennessee  and  Pennsyl- 
vania attracted  much  attention,  received  prize  medals  and  took 
rank  in  competition  with  England,  Spain  and  France,  next  to  the 
celebrated  German  wools. . 


*The  jury  in  their  report  say,  “Mr.  Cockrell. — The  wool  transmitted  by  this  exhibitor,  from 
Northville,  (Nashville  ?)  is  well  got  up  and  exhibits,  like  the  preceding  specimens,  (referring  to 
the  Negretti  wools  of  Prussia.— K.)  a quality  of  fibre  indicative  of  care  and  skill  in  the  develop- 
ment and  improvement  of  the  fieece,  which  calls  for  the  award  of  the  Prize  Medal.” 

“Mr.  J.  H.  Ewing.— The  wool  transmitted  from  Washington,  Pennsylvania,  by  this  exhibitor 
is  remarkable  for  the  good  substance  of  the  fleece,  as  well  as  for  the  quality  of  the  fibre,  and  the 
jury  award  to  him  the  Prize  Medal.” 

The  report  further  states,  in  regard  to  the  entire  exhibition  of  wools,  “One  of  the  able  experts, 
whose  valuable  aid  the  jury  have  already  acknowledged  in  their  examinations  of  wools,  reports 
“those  shown  by  America  as  most  approximating  to  the  character  of  the  German  wools.’  ” 
“ German  wools”  include  those  from  Austria.  Austrian  Silesia,  Hungary,  Prussia,  Saxony  and 
Polish  Silesia,  and  are  characterized  by  the  jury  as  being  “ pre-eminent  in  the  qualities  of  high- 
est value.” 


68 


It  seems  to  be  admitted  in  Europe,  among  shepherds,  that 
abundant  nourishment  will  in  time  be  followed  by  a thickening  of 
the  skin,  an  increase  of  carcass  and  a corresponding  increase  in 
the  length  and  diameter  of  each  individual  fibre  of  the  wool;  but 
if  this  be  an  invariable  law  it  is  not  difficult  to  find  large  districts 
on  the  summits  and  slopes  of  the  Apalachian  chain  of  mountains 
suited,  in  both  climate  and  meagre  production  of  the  grasses,  to 
the  growth  of  any  animal  demanding  little  food. 

The  pure  Negretti^  as  bred  by  the  best  Prussian  breeders,  is  not 
a very  small  sheep,  but  attains  an  average  weight  for  the  4 year 
year  old  ram  of  about  140  pounds,  and  for  the  ewe,  of  about  110 
pounds  ; shearing  an  average  yearly  fieece  of  about  6 pounds  for 
the  rams  and  4 pounds  for  the  ewes,  well  washed  in  cold  water  by 
hand.  Much  heavier  weights  than  these,  for  both  carcass  and 
fieece,  are  claimed  by  the  circulars  of  those  who  make  annual 
sales  of  breeding  animals,  but  their  statements,  like  those  of 
gentlemen  pursuing  the  same  industry  elsewhere,  are  not  usually 
under  the  mark.  An  examination  of  many  whole  fleeces,  sup- 
ported by  other  reliable  testimony,  lead  me  to  believe  that  the 
figures  named  are  about  what  would  be  realized  by  any  one  im- 
porting the  sheep  and  taking  proper  care  of  them  in  this  country. 
The  flocks,  however,  all  equally  pure  blood,  differ  much  among 
themselves,  as  they  have  been  habitually  supplied  with  more  or 
less  nourishment  during  their  periods  of  growth.  As  a rule,  the 
smaller  the  sheep  the  finer  and  shorter  the  wool.  The  rams  are 
sold  at  prices  varying  from  $20  to  $300  ; the  ewes  from  $10  to 
$200.  The  stock  from  which  some  of  the  best  flocks  are  descended 
date  the  departure  of  their  ancestry  from  Spain  in  1Y55,  and  their 
foundation  by  the  present  proprietors  from  1830  to  1843. 

The  Merino  de  Naz  is  a small  sheep  with  an  exceedingly  fine 
fleece,  possessing  softness,  elasticity,  strength  and  the  best  felting 
properties.  The  weight  and  dimensions  of  carcass  and  fleece  of 
a pair  seen  at  the  Garden  of  Acclimation,  near  Paris,  are  as 
follows  : 

Earn  2 years  old  : Length,  3 feet  3 inches  ; height,  2 feet  3 inches ; 

The  wools  shown  (1851)  hy  Messrs.  Isaac  Figdor  & Sons,  of  Vienna,  Austria,  received  the  Coun- 
cil Medal,  (equivalent  to  a Grand  Prize)  as  the  best  German  wools,  and  hence  the  best  in  the 
entire  Exhibition— possessing  the  “desired  qualities  of  substance  in  the  staple  and  firmness  and 
elasticity  of  the  component  fibres,  the  spiral  curves  of  which  are  close  and  regular,  and  are  im- 
mediately resumed  after  being  obliterated  oy  stretching  the  fibre,  the  length  of  which  is  also  con- 
siderable for  wool  of  this  ‘carding’  quality,  the  most  valuable  for  the  finest  descriptions  of 
cloth.” 


' 69 


girth,  3 feet  3 inches ; weight  of  carcass,  110  pounds,  of  fleece 
9^  pounds  in  the  dirt.  Ewe  4 years  old  : Length,  3 feet ; height, 
1 foot  11  inches;  girth,  2 feet  11  inches;  weight  of  carcass,  72 
pounds  ; weight  of  fleece,  5 pounds  in  the  dirt. 

The  flock  was  founded  by  the  family  of  the  present  owner,  M. 
le  G-eneral  Baron  Girod,  at  Naz,  in  France,  from  selections  out  of 
the  merinos  brought  into  France  from  Spain  in  1799,  and  is 
claimed  to  have  been  bred  in-and-in,  to  the  present  time,  without 
the  introduction  of  any  other  blood  whatever.  The  wool  has 
received  first  class  medals  at  competitive  exhibitions  in  Paris,  in 
1823,  ’27,  ’34,  ’39,  ’44,’55,  ’60  and  ’67 — in  London,  in  1851  and  ’62. 
They  are  said  to  be  hardy  and  to  flourish  even  on  humid  or  marshy 
lands,  and  on  the  scanty  pasturage  afforded  by  the  sides  and  sum- 
mits of  the  Jura  mountains  ; that  on  better  pastures  the  weight  of 
fleece  may  be  considerably  increased  without  sensibly  afiecting 
the  fineness  of  the  fibre  or  its  value  in  any  respect  for  use  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  finest  cloths. 

Unquestionably,  this  flock  has  received  the  greatest  care,  and 
has  attained  to  that  uniformity  and  stability  of  characteristics 
necessary  to  assure  the  transmission  of  their  qualities  in  a marked 
degree,  when  individuals  are  used  among  other  varieties  of  the 
merino  family  as  breeders.  Most  American  shepherds,  however, 
object  to  breeding  so  closely  as  this  flock  has  been  bred,  and  would 
apprehend  a serious  want  of  constitutional  vigor.  They  secrete 
less  gum  and  yolk  than  the  Negretti^  and  hence  their  fleeces  lose 
a much  less  per  cent,  in  washing. 

The  Mauchamg?^  taking  their  name  from  the  place  of  their 
origin  in  France,  Department  of  Aisne,  sprang  from  a cross  of  the 
French  merino  on  the  Kentish  or  old  Lincolnshire  of  England. 
One  of  this  produce,  seemingly  a sport,  showed  a fleece  with  little 
resemblance  to  tliat  of  either  parent.  It  had  neither  the  crimp 
nor  elasticity  of  the  merino,  scarcely  any  undulation  at  all  in  the 
flbre  ; nor  the  coarse  long  fibre  of  the  other;  but  was  found  to 
exceed  the  merino  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  as  well  as  somewhat 
in  fineness,  and  to  have  a silky  softness,  a lustre  of  great  beauty, 
together  with  much  strength.  From  this  animal,  by  judicious 
selections  and  careful  breeding,  Jean  Louis  Graux,  of  Maucharnp, 
established  a flock  for  which  he  received  the  only  Council  Medal 
awarded  to  a sheep  breeder  at  the  London  International  Exhibi- 
tion of  1851,  and  in  awarding  which  the  jury  state  it  to  have  been 


70 


awarded  for  “the  origination  of  a new  and  valuable  quality  of 
wool,  giving  to  the  variety  of  merino  the  best  quality  for  combing, 
and  possessing  increased  strength,  brilliancy  and  fineness  of 
fibre.” 

As  bred  by  Mr.  Graux,  the  Mauchamp  is  not  above  middle  size 
notwithstanding  its  descent.  A ram  4 years  old,  at  the  Garden 
of  Acclimation,  measured  5 feet  11  inches  in  length  ; height  at  the 
shoulder,  2 feet  4 inches;  girlh,  3 feet  7 inches;  entire  weight,  130 
pounds ; weight  of  last  fleece,  12  pounds  in  the  dirt.  A ewe  3 
years  old,  measured  in  length  3 feet;  height  at  shoulder  1 foot 
Ilf  inches ; girth,  2 feet  11  inches;  entire  weight,  75  pounds; 
weight  of  last  fleece,  6 pounds  in  the  dirt;  the  shrinkage  by  wash- 
ing in  cold  water  could  not  exceed  25  per  cent.,  as  there  is  little 
grease,  gum  or  yolk  in  the  wool. 

Mr.  Graux’  management  of  the  flock,  keeping  them  on  rather 
short  allowance,  does  not  favor  the  early  maturity  or  increased 
proportions  of  the  sheep ; but  experiments  with  selections  made 
from  his  flock  for  the  Imperial  flock  of  Gevrolles,  (Dej^artment 
of  Cote  d’Or)  have  demonstrated,  as  asserted  by  undoubted* autho- 
rity, that,  transferred  to  more  abundant  and  nutritive  pastures, 
the  same  sheep  may  be  bred  up  to  a development  of  carcass  ap- 
proaching their  long-wooled  English  ancestry,  producing  heavier 
fleeces,  still  retaining  their  peculiar  features  of  lustre,  brilliancy, 
fineness  and  strength  of  fibre.  They  have  been  christened  “ in- 
digenous Cashmeres.” 

At  the  Imperial  sheep  farm  referred  to,  the  experiment  has 
also  been  made  of  crossing  the  Mauchamp  on  the  Bambouillet 
merino^  and  with  the  happiest  results.  A wool  is  produced  of 
more  lustre  and  greater  length  and  fineness  than  the  pure 
RamhouilUt^  and  of  more  elasticity  than  the  Mauchamp.  The 
cross,  not  being  a violent  one,  owing  to  the  relationship  of  the 
races,  its  effects  are  not  harsh. 

And  here  I confess  to  a strong  conviction  that,  from  the  best 
information  I could  obtain,  and  the  opportunity  was  favorable, 
the  Mauchamp^  being  in  its  origin  a sort  of  connecting  link  be- 
tween the  long  combing-wool  varieties  and  the  descendants  of  the 
merinos  of  Spain,  offers  a most  promising  medium  for  the  amelio- 
ration of  the  merinos  and  their  crosses  in  the  United  States — a 
medium  of  converting  the  latter  from  being  the  producers  of  a 
variety  of  wool  of  which  there  is  now  more  in  proportion  to  the  de- 


n 


mand  for  manufacture  than  of  any  other,  into  the  producers  of  a 
variety  for  which  there  is  great  demand  and  almost  no  source  of  sup- 
ply among  our  home  tiocks.  Of  the  20,000,000  pounds  of  combing 
wools  of  all  grades  demanded  by  our  manufacturers  we  produce 
a scant  million.  If,  too,  I am  not  mistaken — or  rather,  if  the  same 
results  as  obtained  by  the  cross  of  the  Rambouillet  Maucham'p 
in  France  shall  attend  the  experiment  of  coupling  the  Mauchamp 
with  the  merinos  here — a few  years  at  most,  by  judicious  breeding, 
would  give  us  the  most  valuable  combing-wool  in  the  world,  and 
in  any  desirable  quantity. 

The  parentage  of  the  Mauchamp  speaks  for  itself  on  the 
question  of  native  vigor  of  constitution ; you  have  seen  samples 
of  the  wool  and  observed  that  it  is  entirely  excej^tional  in  its 
character  for  brilliancy  of  lustre  and  fineness — regarded  as  a 
combing-wool ; I have  stated  the  reputed  origin  of  the  race, 
and  well  authenticated  facts  in  relation  to  the  improvement 
for  combing  purposes  obtained  in  the  merinos  ot  France  by 
crossing  with  the  variety  under  consideration;  no  one  is  ignorant 
of  the  fact  that  if  a large  proportion  of  the  American  merinos 
could  be  at  once  changed  to  producers  of  good  combing  wool,  a 
much  enhanced  price  would  be  realized  for  both  home-grown 
carding  and  combing  wool ; you  are  all  familiar  with  the  fact  that, 
other  things  being  equal,  the  most  lustrous  and  finest  combing 
wool  is  worth  most  in  market ; and  I therefore  venture  to  suggest 
that  if  some  enterprising  wool  grower,  or  better,  perhaps,  if  the 
Illinois  State  Wool  Growers’  Association  will  appropriate  a few 
hundred  dollars  to  the  purchase  and  importation  of  male  animals 
(chiefly)  of  this  breed,  they  may  find  in  this  Frenchman  a veritable 
Moses  to  both  the  almost  despairing  fraternity  of  merino  growers 
and  the  equally  embarrassed  brotherhood  ot  lustre-goods  manu- 
facturers in  the  United  States. 

I have  great  confidence  in  the  success  of  such  an  experiment, 
and  see  no  other  inviting  way  open  to  rescue  thousands  of  the 
most  perfect  and  well  formed  heavy  fleeced  merino  ewes  from  the 
butcher’s  knife — no  other  means  of  using  our  already  accumulated 
stock  in  the  production  of  the  best  and  most  valuable  combing  wool 
in  the  world. 

All  the  long-wooled  varieties  will,  in  any  event,  take  care  of 
themselves;  their  fleeces  will  always  be  in  demand,  and  there  is 
not  the  slightest  danger  of  over-production ; but  as  lustre^  more 


72 


than  any  other  quality,  determines  the  relative  value  of  even 
long-wools,  it  is  not  impossible  that  a cross  or  two  of  the  Mau- 
champ  on  the  Cotswolds,  Leicesters,  and  others  of  the  same  class, 
may  add  many  cents  per  pound  to  the  value  of  the  best  long  wool 
grown  here.  Of  itself,  the  Maucharnpi^  not  so  desirable  with  us  ; 
because,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Cashmere-goat  hair  or  wool,  its 
purpose  is  entirely  special,  and  we  have  not  yet  much  macliinery 
adapted  to  its  manufacture.  However,  while  the  demand  for  all 
grades  of  combing  wools  increases  more  rapidly  than  the  supply, 
the  tendency  of  our  manufacturing  industry  is  constantly  to  run 
on  firmer  and  more  lustrous  fabrics,  requiring  a fibre  more  nearly 
every  year  approaching  that  of  the  Maiichamp ; and  if  the  pro- 
duction of  the  raw  material  could  but  keep  pace  with  the  demand, 
the  progress  would  be  still  more  rapid,  and  the  amount  of  manu- 
facture proportionally  increased. 

A glance  at  the  sheep  husbandry  of  the  United  States  to-day, 
revenls  the  fact  that  the  great  mass  of  those-  devoted  to  growing 
wool  are  stocked  with  Merinos  and  their  short-wool  grades,  and 
that  enough  are  so  engaged  and  competing  in  the  market  for  the 
sale  of  this  class  of  wool,  as  to  comparatively  supply  the  demand; 
so  that  manufacturers,  by  the  aid  of  importations  of  a low-priced, 
inferior  wool  from  South  America,  have  heretofore,  with  excep- 
tional years,  managed  to  fix  the  price  of  each  succeding  clip,  and, 
in  the  last  two  years,  have  purchased  it  at  rates  almost  ruinous  to 
the  farmer. 

On  the  other  hand,  a small  number  are  engaged  in  growing 
longer  and  coarser  wooled  varieties  ; and,  with  the  ever-increasing 
demand,  fail  to  furnish  one-fifth  of  an  adequate  supply.  Uor  is 
it  practicable  for  American  manufacturers  to  obtain  an  adequate 
supply  elsewhere.  The  consumption  in  Uurope  requires  all  that 
is  there  produced,  so  that  Canada  regularly  reaps  the  chief  part 
of  the  rich  harvests  which  should  be  gathered  by  the  wool  growers 
of  the  States. 

How  is  this  condition  of  things  to  be  best  and  quickest 
changed  ? How  is  the  production  of  combing-wool  in  the  United 
States  to  be  most  rapidly  augmented  ? 

Clearly,  it  must  be  the  work  of  generations  to  breed  the  long 
wooled  sheep  up  to  the  number  required,  if,  with  the  increased 
consumption  of  the  fabrics,  it  is  practicable  at  all.  The  annual 
numerical  increase  of  the  flocks  is  not  more  than  35  per  cent,  on 


73 


the  whole  number  of  sheep,  which  is  not  greater  than  the  annual 
increase  of  the  long-wool  demand. 

I have,  for  these  and  other  reasons,  therefore,  no  expectation  that 
any  sensible  measure  of  relief  will  be  afforded,  unless  it  be 
through  the  use  of  a considerable  proportion  of  the  Merinos 
themselves  as  the  basis  of  a change.  I do  not  believe  it  possible 
to  make  progress  relatively  with  the  demand  in  any  other  manner. 

It  will  effect  nothing  to  say  “ the  western  prairies  are  covered 
with  the  most  nutritious  grasses,  and  supplied  with  abundant 
cheap  food,  therefore  raise  the  large-carcassed^  long-wooled  sheejp,^'* 
Where,  pray,  is  the  breeding  stock  to  come  from  ? Our  flock- 
masters  have  more  sheep  now  than  it  is  profitable  either  to  kiU  or 
to  keep.  They  cannot  buy  others,  unless  they  can  sell  or  ex- 
change what  they  already  have ; neither  of  which  is  practicable. 
Crossing  Cottswold  or  Leicester  rams  on  Merino  ewes,  would  be 
attended  with  much  hazard,  as  every  shepherd  understands,  while 
the  mixed  fleece  would,  in  almost  every  instance,  be  uneven 
and  otherwise  defective.  The  experiment  has  been  often  tried, 
but  rarely  with  satisfactory  results,  and  never,  unless  in  the  origin 
of  the  MauchamjpY2iViQtj^  except  after  many  years  of  careful  breed- 
ing, has  a distinct  race,  with  flxed  characteristics,  been  established. 

With  the  close  blood  relationship  of  the  Mauchamp  and  Merino^ 
with  the  demonstrated  effects  of  the  second  cross  at  Gevrolles^ 
and  with  the  unsurpassable  lustrous  fibre  of  the  Mauchamp  all  in 
view,  the  elements  of  success  and  the  best  financial  results  seem 
within  the  reach  of  the  western  flockmaster  who  will  promptly 
strike  out  in  this  direction. 

The  Ramhouillet  flock  I had  the  opportunity  of  seeing  at  the 
Imperial  Farm  of  that  name,  which  I visited  on  the  13th  of  July, 
1867,  at  the  invitation  of  Mr.  Tisserand,  who  for  some  ten  years 
past  has  had  the  supervision  and  general  management  of  the 
agricultural  domains  of  the  Crown,  and  to  whose  courtesy  I am 
much  indebted  for  a large  share  of  the  pleasure  enjoyed,  and 
information  obtained,  during  my  stay  in  France. 

The  estate  of  Kambouillet,  consisting  of  many  thousand  acres, 
(some  35,000,  I believe)  lying  some  32  miles  south-west  of  Paris, 
on  the  railway  to  Chartres,  is  devoted  by  the  present  Emperor 
to  purposes  of  the  chase  and  to  the  maintenance  of  the  celebrated 


10 


74: 


flock  of  sheep.'^  The  farm  proper  comprises  about  2,500  acres; 
of  which  some  750  are  under  cultivation.  The  present  flock  con- 
sists of  about  1,000  sheep,  some  400  of  them  being  breeding 
ewes.  So  much  of  the  crop  as  may  be  required  to  maintain  this 
number  of  sheep  well,  is  harvested,  and  the  residue  is  consumed 
by  the  game  of  all  choice  varieties  of  bird  and  beast  yet  acclima- 
ted in  France. 

The  sheep-folds  and  all  structures  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
sheep  are.  of  course,  well  arranged,  roomy,  well  ventilated,  and 
complete  in  appointment.  I noticed  a small  wooden  roller  set 
into  each  jamb  of  every  door  through  which  the  animals  had 
occasion  to  pass,  and  which  seemed  to  serve  an  admirable  pur- 
pose in  preventing  injury  from  bruising  the  bodies  or  starting  the 
wool,  as  they  pressed  through — it  was  about  feet  long,  4 
inches  in  diameter,  and  shouldered  in. 

When  the  flock  was  founded  in  1Y86,  by  the  present  of  a num- 
ber of  choice  animals  from  the  King  of  Spain  to  Louis  XIY.,  por- 
traits in  oil  of  the  rams  and  ewes  were  taken  and  are  still  pre- 
served, to  show  by  comparison,  the  improvement  effected.  Up 
to  1860,  no  introduction  of  other  animals  than  those  bred  from 
the  originals  had  been  permitted.  I have  an  impression,  which 
however  may  be  erroneous,  that  about  that  year  the  services  of 
one  or  more  superior  animals,  bred  elsewhere,  were  called  into 
requisition.  Whether  this  be  so  or  not,  there  did  not  seem  to  be 
quite  the  uniformity  which  one  would  naturally  expect  to  see 
where,  with  a limited  number  of  animals,  under  the  same  condi- 
tions, in-and-in-breeding  had  been  strictly  pursued  for  eighty-one 
years.  In  general  they  possess  great  size,  and  a remarkably  robust 
fullness  of  muscular  development  rarely  found  among  merinos; 
the  wool,  though  not  ver^  fine,  is  long,  sound,  stylish,  with  an 
even  crimp,  and  much  elasticity  and  strength  of  staple.  Nearly 


•The  Director  of  this  Imperial  sheep-walk  is  M.  le  Baron  Daurier,  son  of  an  officer  of  the 
same  name,  who  served  under  General  LaFayette  in  the  American  Kevolution,  and  at  the  close 
became  an  officer  in  the  Kevolutlonary  Order  of  the  Cincinnati.  On  the  decease  of  the  father, 
by  the  recommendation  of  General  LaFayette,  the  present  Baron  Daurier  succeeded,  by  special 
decree,  to  the  degrees  of  his  father  in  the  Order.  Learning  that  I was  an  American,  the  old 
gentleman  seemed  to  take  pleasure  in  manifesting  the  pride  he  might  justly  feel  in  the  patriotic 
career  of  his  father,  and  permitted  me  to  examine  the  correspondence  and  diplomas  relating  to 
his  connection  with  this  illustrious  Order.  He  is  hale,  hearty  and  well  preserved,  at  about  70 
years  of  age,  and  led  the  party,  consisting  of  Mr.  T.,  Mr.  Aureliano  of  Bucharest,  and  myself, 
with  apparent  ease  in  a ramble  over  the  estate  of  several  hours.  We  were  received  by  the 
Director  and  his  good  lady,  and  entertained  in  the  most  hospitable  manner. 


75 


all  the  males  not  selected  for  breeding  to  the  same  flock,  are 
readily  sold  at  from  $20  to  $500,  and  And  their  way  to  all  parts 
of  the  world.  Of  late  Australians  have  been  large  purchasers. 
Three  splendid  rams  were  shown  me  which  had  just  been  sold  to 
go  to  Australia,  at  $400  each ; and  one  at  $30. 

That  crossing  good  specimens  of  the  pure  Rambouillet  sheep 
upon  the  mixed  merinos  and  grades  of  this  country,  would  be 
followed  by  some  improvement  in  length  of  fibre,  and  possibly 
in  many  cases,  give  a length  suitable  for  combing  as  de  laine^  may 
be  readily  supposed ; but  all  things  considered,  the  Mauchamp 
cross  would  probably  result  far  better. 

New  England  woolen  manufacturers,  as  I have  the  best 
authority  for  saying,  have  no  difficulty  in  discovering  in  the 
spirit  and  enterprise  manifested  throughout  the  Northwest,  by 
the  erection  of  woolen  mills  for  the  manufacture  of  the  medium 
and  coarser  fabrics,  that  this  extensive  district,  where  all  the 
necessary  elements  are  found  clustered  together,  is  soon  to  be- 
come the  producer  of  its  own  goods  of  this  class ; that  the  star  of 
empire  is  already  casting  its  rays  over  this  land  of  plenty.  They 
are  inclined  to  accept  the  situation  kindly,  and,  by  favor  of  their 
already  skilled  labor,  large  capital  and  rich  experience,  to  assume 
towards  the  West  the  position  which  England  and  France  have 
heretofore  held  towards  the  whole  United  States — turning  their 
looms  and  spindles  to  the  production  of  fine  cloths  and  other 
tissues  of  expensive  luxury. 

Thus  will  arise  a still  greater  demand  for  the  fine,  lustrous 
combing,  as  well  as  for  the  fine,  short-staple  carding  wools.* 

In  view  of  this  approaching  condition  of  the  woolen  industry, 
it  may  be  that  in  mild  climates,  and  such  other  favoring  circum- 
stances as  are  presented  towards  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Apalachian  chain  of  mountains,  or  almost  anywhere  in  the  Uni- 
ted States,  south  of  36®  north  latitude,  the  pure  Negretti  or 
Merino  de  Naz  bred  to  the  finest,  short-stapled,  heavy-fleeced 
Spanish  or  American  merinos,  would  prove  an  entire  success  in 
all  respects ; there  is,  indeed,  little  doubt  of  it,  if  prudently  con- 
ducted ; and  from  some  such  enterprise,  persistently  carried  out, 
it  seems  to  me,  must  come  the  home  supply  of  fine  short-staple, 
suited  to  the  advanced  standard  of  New  England  manufacture — 


*In  Eurore  wools  are  sometimes  combed  which  are  but  \]4  to  2 Inches  in  length ; the  Ameri- 
can factories,  however,  divide  the  two  classes  on  3 to  3X  inches. 


76 


taking  for  the  basis^  as  in  the  case  of  the  improved  combing- wools, 
the  best  selections  from  the  varieties  of  sheep  now  on  the  fields 
of  the  North  and  West. 

I have  not  cared  to  call  attention  to,  or  to  describe  at  all,  the 
other  races  of  sheep  and  classes  of  wool  which  were  shown  at  the 
Exposition.  Those  referred  to  are  typical  of  their  respective 
classes,  and  with  all  the  long-wools  of  the  British  Isles,  American 
shepherds  are  already  well  acquainted. 

It  may  however,  be  well  to  state  the  varieties  of  sheep  in  con- 
nection with  the  classes  of  goods  to  the  manufacture  of  which 
their  fieeces  are  in  general  best  adapted,  to-wit : ' 

Yov  Lustre  Goods,  pure  and  mixed— such  as  poplins,  mohairs, 
grenadines,  alpacas,  etc.,  the  M-duchdimp,  New  Lincolnshire, 
Eoinney  Mdrsfi,  and  some  families  of  the  Leicestershire, 

For  Worsteds:  the  very  longest  stapled  Americdn,  French  and 
Rdmbouillet  merinos,  the  Leicesters,  Cotswolds,  Romney  Mdrsh, 
and  all  long  wooled  breeds. 

For  Rich  Cdrpets:  the  Mduchdinp  and  Cdmdrdnidn  wool,  An- 
gord  godfs  hair,  with,  mixtures  of  less  costly  and  shorter  fibres. 
l-^For  Cloths  of  medium  fineness'^and  finish,  Tweeds,  etc.:  Amer- 
icdn and  French  merinos,  and  all  other  varieties  of  sheep,  pro- 
ducing the  middle*  grades  of  short  staple. 

For  Fine  Broddcloths:  Negretti,  Merino  de  Ndz,  some  families 
of  the  Sdxony  and  other  European  races  producing  a staple  of 
superior  felting  properties  and  sufficient  fineness. 

As  South  America  is  the  great  competing  producer  of  fine 
wools  with  North  America,  it  may  not  be  uninstructive  to  look 
at  the  figures  in  regard  to  the  increase,  price  of  the  sheep,  wool- 
product,  and  sale  of  wool  on  a noted  sheep  farm  of  that  country. 
The  following  is  a copy  of  a circular  intended  for  those  persons 
designing  to  engage  in  sheep-husbandry  in  that  region : (The 
samples  of  wool  were  on  exhibition,  and  a portion  of  many  of 
them  were  presented  me  in  exchange,  and  are  among  the  collec- 
tion in  the  Society’s  Booms.) 

*Not  used  technically,  as  understood  hy  manufacturers,  who  in  England  classify  wool  with 
the  nicest  distinction  into  almost  innumerable  grades.  Some  American  mills  sort  into  super- 
super,  super,  extra,  prime,  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th  and  5th;  nearly  half  of  the  whole  consumed  being 
f torn  prime  to  2d  inclusive  which  are  the  middle  grades. 


SOUTH  AMERICAN  WOOL  CLIP  OF  1866, 

Grown  at  the  JEUancia  de  Los  Altos^  Perdido^  Republic  of  Uruguay. 


77 


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78 


This  Entancia  consists  of  40,000  English  acres  of  fine  grazing  land,  and  for  the 
last  12  years  has  proved  one  of  the  most  flourishing  sheep  farms  on  the  River  Plate. 


On  the  31st  December,  1866,  the  total  count  of  sheep  was 62,685 

The  sales  since  the  commencement  have  been 62,602 

Making  a total  of 116, 08Y 

Deduct  original  stock  placed  there  in  1854 7,868 

Shows  an  increase  since  that  period  of. 107,219 


The  quantity  of  wool  received  since  the  commencement  has  been  1,038,864  lbs., 
partly  washed  and  partly  unwashed.  The  clip  of  1866  was  8,300  arrobas  of  26  ibs. 
each,  unwashed,  and  was  delivered  for  an  American  manufacturer  at  5^  patacones 

arroba,  equal  to  lO^d.  ^ lb.,  free  on  board,  including  locks  and  bellies. 

ANGORA  GOAT’S  WOOL.  The  publications  by  Hon.  I.  S. 
Diehl,  in  the  Reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
Agricultural  papers  of  the  United  States,  have  placed  the  public 
in  possession  of  all  the  material  facts  in  regard  to  the  importa- 
tion, propagation,  and  value  of  this  Goat  as  a producer  of  wool. 
Mr.  D.  was  at  the  Exposition  pursuing  his  researches  with  char- 
acteristic enthusiasm  and  industry,  and  has  since  made  another 
importation  of  a flock  of  the  goats.  I learned  nothing  in  relation 
to  them  or  the  uses  of  their  beautiful  fleeces,  with  which  you  are 
not  already  familiar. 

If,  however,  the  preceding  suggestion  of  crossing  Merino  ewes 
with  Mauchamp  rams  should  be  acted  upon,  and  the  experiment 
result,  as  I trust  it  will,  successfully,  we  may  have  in  this  country 
at  the  end  of  a few  years,  so  large  a quantity  of  exceedingly  lus- 
trous, fine  wool,  that  the  slow  and  expensive  process  of  importing 
and  breeding  entire  flocks  of  Cashmere  or  Angora  goats  or  other 
single  race  for  combing-wool,  will  seem  undesirable. 

TOUACCO. — Another  cosmopolite,  surely,  of  which,  in  its 
multitude  of  unaccountably  seductive  forms,  there  was  a large 
exhibition.  “Yice  has  long  legs,  and  virtue  must  needs  run  fast 
to  overtake  it.”  It  has  so  happened  that  whenever  this  “narco- 
tic, emetic  and  cathartic”  plant  {Nicotiana  tabacum)  has  been 
introduced  to  man,  savage  and  civilized  alike  have  given  it  a 
reception  due  only  to  a more  worthy  stranger,  and  have  cherished 
it  with  an  afiection  and  cultivated  it  with  an  assiduity,  rarely 
accorded  even  to  better  things.  It  took  the  Potato,  for  example, 
from  its  introduction  into  Alsace  on  the  Rhine,  in  .1596,  more 
than  two  hundred  years  to  find  its  way  to  public  and  general 
favor  in  that  province,  although  destined  to  become  the  food 


79 


basis  of  the  population ; whilst  tobacco,  which  began  to  be  culti- 
vated there  in  1620,  was  produced  as  an  article  of  commerce  at 
the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  or  in  about  eighty  years,  to 
the  amount  of  5,000,000  lbs.!  and  from  1718  reached  about 
8,000,000  lbs.;  employing  in  Strasburg  alone,  8,000  workmen  in 
seventy-two  factories.*  I was  under  the  impression  that  the  Uni- 
ted States  was  entitled  to  the  “ bad  pre-eminence  ” of  using  more 
tobacco  in  proportion  to  population  than  any  other  country,  until 
in  the  room  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum  (London)  at  the 
Exposition,  a table,  of  which  the  following  is  the  substance,  met 


my  eye  ; 

Relative  annual  consumption  of  Tobacco  in  the  following  countries  in  ounces  per  head 


of  the  male  population  : 

1st  Zollverein,  embracing  all  the  Ger- 
man States  except  Austria. . . . 155 


2d  Belgium 14.3 

3d  Holland 131 

4th  Denmark 126 

5th  United  States. . 120 

6th  Austria 107 

7th  Norway 1013^ 


8th  France 893^ 

9th  Spain 763| 

10th  Sweden 69^ 

11th  Great  Britain . . 653^ 

12th  Portugal 56 

13th  Sardinia 45 

14th  Tuscany 40 

15th  Papal  States 32 


The  relative  annual  consumption  of  Tea,  stated  in  ounces  per  head  of  the  whole  popu- 
lation, is  as  follows : 

1st  Great  Britain 85  4th  France 1 

2d  United  States.  15^^  6th  Zollverien ^ 

8d  Russia 4 


The  relative  annual  consumption  of  Sugar  stated  in  ounces  per  head  of  the  whole  jpop- 
ulation,  is  as  follows : . . . . 

1st  United  States 40  4th  France 4 

2d  Great  Britain 30  5th  Austria 13^ 

3d  Belgium 6 6th  Russia 13^ 

First  in  Sugar,  second  in  Tea,  and  fifth  in  Tobacco,  is  not  so 
bad  as  it  might  be. 

The  highest  award  reached  by  the  United  States  on  Tobacco 
was  a Silver  Medal,  for  Snuff  exhibited  by  a New  Orleans  firm. 
Few  foreigners  are  competent  judges  of  chewing  tobacco — the 
use  of  it  in  that  form  being  chiefly  confined  in  Europe  to  Ameri- 
cans and  sailors — and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  our  exhibition  was 
not  properly  appreciated.  The  West  Indies,  Central  and  South 
America,  as  was  to  be  expected,  were  laige  and  successful  exbi- 
tors — mainly  of  cigars,  cigarettes  and  the  leaves.  The  superiority 
of  their  products  of  this  class  is  universally  acknowledged,  and 
is  owing,  doubtless,  not  to  any  meiit  in  their  processes  of  cultiva- 
tion, curing  or  manufacture,  so  much  as  to  the  effect  of  their 
peculiar  climate  and  s«fil  on  the  qualities  of  the  plant  itself. 


*M.  Tisserand— Enquete  agricole,  13tli  Cir. 


80 


SIXTH  GROUP. — The  man  who  could  have  taken  position 
any  where  on  the  elevated  platform  of  that  great  Machinery  Nave^ 
and  looked  down  along  its  gracefully  curving  line,  listening  to  the 
busy  hum  of  its  numberless  machines,  whose  cunning  was  conse- 
crated to  the  ‘‘Common  Arts  ” — the  arts  by  Vhich  countless  mil- 
lions of  mankind  in  all  enlightened  countries  live  and  thrive — 
without  feeling  his  hope  and  faith  in  universal  progress  renewed 
and  confirmed,  must  have  been  of.  those  who  ‘‘having  eyes  see 
not  and  having  ears  hear  not.”  It  is  here  humanity  has  the 
largest  interest — here  where  the  triumph  of  mind  over  matter,  in 
grasping  natural  elements  and  forces  and  subjecting  them  to  pur- 
poses of  man’s  daily  life,  is  most  clearly  manifest.  No  nation  is 
great  which  is  not  great  in  this. 

The  steam  power  demanded  by  the  exhibitors  of  each  nation 
requiring  it,  was  distributed  as  follows  : France,  305  horse-power; 
England,  100  do.;  United  States,  50  do.;  Belgium,  40  do.;  Uorth 
German  Confederation,  35  do.;  Austria,  20  do.:  Switzerland,  17 
do.;  South  German  States,  15  do.;  total  582  horse-power.  The 
power  demanded  by  the  hydraulic  and  ventilation  services  of 
the  Exposition  was  about  as  much  more.  Those  furnishing  their 
own  motive  force  were  France,  England,  Belgium  and  the  Xorth 
German  Confederation;  the  others  were  suppled  by  French  arti- 
sans ; and  it  touched  the  pride  of  more  than  one  American  visitor 
to  observe  the  beautiful  Corliss  Engine,  represented  on  the  oppo- 
site page,  and  to  which  was  awarded  a Gold  Medal,  standing  idle 
throughout  the  Exposition,  by  the  side  of  a French  engine  which 
furnished  the  power  for  American  machinery — in  seeming  acknow- 
ledgment of  inferiority.*^ 

In  addition  to  the  1,229  feet  of  double  line  of  shafting  mmved 
by  steam-power,  isolated  gas- motors  were  placed  wherever  re- 
quired, and  served  to  propel  many  light  machines.  Between  the 
sections  of  this  gallery,  thus  furnished  with  motive  power,  were 
constantly  performed  under  the  eye  of  the  visitor,  the  thousand 
little  operations  of  manual  industry  which  belong  to  the  house- 
hold or  the  small  shop  of  the  modest  artisan.  The  nimble-fingered 

*It  is  dae  to  the  Corliss  Steam  Engine  Company  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  who  manifested 
the  enterprise  and  incurred  the  large  outlay  necessary  to  make  this  exhibit,  to  say  that,  up  to  a 
late  hour  they  expected  to  use  this  engine  in  the  American  section,  and  it  is  also  due  to  the  U.  S. 
Commissioner  General  to  say  that  he  claims  to  have  yielded  only  to  a necessity  in  employing  the 
services  of  another,  not  having  been  definitely  assured,  in  time,  that  the  Corliss  Engine  would 
be  sent. 


81 


lace-makers  with  their  cushions  and  pins  and  bobbins,  the  glass- 
blowers,  the  makers  of  glass  flowers,  beads,  etc.,  the  batters,  hair- 
workers,  comb-makers,  shoe-makers,  manufacturers  of  pocket- 
books,  cork-cutters,  confectioners,  printers  and  hundreds  of  others 
were  plying  their  curious  trades  and  selling  their  ‘‘  Souvenirs  of 
the  Exposition”  from  day  to  day. 

Among  the  flrst  things  in  this  group  which  attracted  my  atten- 
tion, were  the  inscriptions  which  our  British  friends,  whose  real 
merit  will  always  be  received  as  ample  apology  for  considerable 
ostentation  and  even  occasional  blunders,  had  emblazoned  on  the 
immense  windows  of  their  section  of  this  Gallery,  and  most  of 
which  I copied,  as  follows — each  occupying  one  window,  and 
sometimes  referring  to  a drawing  by  its  side : 

First  Carding  Engine^  made  and  worked  by  Richard  Arkwright  in  MDCCLXIX.” 

First  Spinning  Machine  ina,de  and  worked  by  Richard  Arkwright  in  MDCCLXIX.” 

^'‘WatCs first  Sun-and-Planet  Engine^  in  1788,  by  which  rectilineal  was  converted 
into  rotary  motion  for  the  purpose  of  driving  machinery.” 

Bell-rock  Light  Home  \n  Robert  Stevenson,  Engineer.  (Commis- 

sioners of  Northern  Light  Houses,  Scotland.)” 

^'■Remains  of  the  first  Steam  Engine  to  which  the  separate  condenser  and  air-pump 
invented  by  James  Watt  were  applied  in  1777.” 

Telegraphy — An  apparatus  for  transmitting  signals  by  galvanic  electricity,  in- 
vented by  Cook  and  Wheatstone  in  1837.” 

^'‘Telegraphy — An  instrument  for  transmitting  through  8 miles  of  wire,  signals  by 
tension  electricity ; invented  by  Mr  F.  Ronalds,  formerly  of  Hammersmith,  in  1816.” 

'■'■Gas — Gas-meter  or  gauge  invented  by  Samuel  Clegg,  in  1815,  and  first  used  in 
the  Peter  St.  Gas  works  at  Westminster.” 

"Locomotives — The  Rocket,  made  by  George  Stephenson  in  1829 — gained  the  prize 
of  £500  in  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  competition.” 

"Locomotives — The  Sanspareil,  made  by  Timothy  Hackworth — ran  in  the  competi-  ' 
tion  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway  in  1829. 

"Locomotives — The  Novelty,  made  by  Messrs.  Braithwaite  and  Ericsson — ran  in 
the  competition  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway  in  1829.” 

"Locomotives — Puffing  Billy,  made  by  William  Hedley  in  1813  to  work  the  Wylam 
Collieries — the  first  locomotive  eiigine  with  smooth  wheels.” 

"Steam  Navigation — William  Symington’s  paddle-wheel  engine  propelled  a small 
double  boat  in  Scotland  in  1788.  This  was  the  first  successful  practical  experiment 
in  steam  navigation.” 

"Steam  Navigation — Henry  Bell’s  steamboat,  the  Comet,  first  navigated  the  Clyde 
in  1812  for  passengers  and  goods  and  introduced  steam  navigation  into  Europe.” 

"Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway  incorporated  in  1821.  This,  the  first  Locomo- 
tive used  on  a public  railway,  was  built  by  George  Stephenson  in  1825,  and  contin- 
ued to  run  over  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway  till  1846.” 


82 


^*Penny  Postage  invented  by  Rowland  Hill,  K.  C.  B.  Number  of  letters  in  1839, 
82,470,596— in  1866,  697,277,616.” 

^'•Navigation — A Magnetic  Needle  was  first  used  in  a compass  in  1300,  by  Flavio 
Gioja  di  Amalfi.  The  number  of  Steamships  belonging  to  Great  Britain  is  2,623, 
registering  766,200  tons,” 

^^Sedan  Chairs  first  introduced  into  England  in  1581 ; they  came  into  fashion  in 
London  in  1634,  when  Sir  Francis  Duncombe  obtained  the  sole  privilege  to  use,  let 
and  hire  them,  and  they  came  into  general  use  in  1649.” 

'•'•Hojckney  Coaches  were  first  set  up  in  London  by  Capt.  Bailey  in  1625.” 

I shall  not  attempt  to  describe,  much  less  to  speak  critically  of, 
the  display  in  this  group — it  was  simply  magnificent,  marvelous, 
grand. 

Almost  every  nation  was  compelled  to  provide  space  outside 
the  Palace  for  the  exhibition  of  portions  of  its  implements  and 
machinery  properly  belonging  here;  and  unfortunately  for  the 
appearance  of  the  United  States’  section,  nearly  all  our  nationally 
characteristic^  world-renowned  contributions  were  unwisely  placed 
in  a shed,  where  not  one  visitor  in  a hundred  saw  them  at  all, 
and  where,  of  course,  they  added  little  to  the  eclat  of  our  exhibi- 
tion. Thus,  the  Locomotive  sent  by  the  Grant  Locomotive 
Works,  of  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  one  of  the  most  elegant  speci- 
mens of  fine  work  and  high  finish  at  the  Exposition ; a street  rail- 
way car ; all  our  sewing  and  knitting  machines,  of  which  there 
was  a large  exhibition ; our  agricultural  implements,  reapers,  mow- 
ers, plows,  etc.;  carriage  and  wagon  work ; pumps;  a very  large 
exhibition  of  scales  by  the  Howe  Scale  Company  and  Fairbanks, 
were  not  to  found  in  the  Palace  at  all ; in  short,  more  gold  medals 
were  awarded  to  objects  belonging  to  this  group  placed  in  this 
annex,  than  to  those  that  were  permitted  to  remain  in  the  Pal- 
ace ! Most  American  visitors  were  not  so  charitable  as  to  attri- 
bute such  manifest  and  damaging  mistake  to  the  want  of  intel- 
ligence merely,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Commissioner 
General;  and  I can  find  no  terms  suitable  to  express  the  righteous 
indignation  of  nearly  every  American  exhibitor  towards  Mr. 
Beckwith  for  his  unblushing  persistence,  against  repeated  and  re- 
spectful protest,  in  this  and  other  even  more  serious  errors. 

AGEICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS  AND  MACHINEKY. 
It  will  be  observed  that  Class  48  of  the  6th.  Group,  embraces  in 
part,  the  same  objects  relating  to  rural  work,  as  are  included  in 
Class  74  of  the  8th.  Group.  Having  received  an  appointment 


83 


from  the  Imperial  Commission  to  act  as  an  associate  member  of 
the  International  Jury  for  Class  TJ  of  the  8th  Group,  and  having 
performed  that  duty  from  day  to  day  and  week  to  week,  from  the 
first  of  May  until  my  departure  in  August,  it  will  be  better,  per- 
haps, to  speak  of  these  objects  in  connection  with  my  report  on 
this  Group.  The  original  members  of  the  Jury  with  whom  I was 
thus  brought  in  contact,  were  gentlemen  either  eminent  for  their 
technical  and  scientific  learning,  or  large  proprietors  possessing 
much  practical  knowledge  of  the  methods  and  processes  of  Euro- 
pean agriculture.  It  happened  that  several  of  them  spoke  the 
English  language  well,  though  all  were  natives  of  the  continent 
of  Europe.  The  courtesy  uniformly  extended  to  me,  relieved 
the  position  from  any  embarrassment,  and  rendered  the  perfor- 
mance of  its  duties  most  agreeable. 

In  addition  to  this  opportunity  of  observing  the  agricultural 
practices  and  tools  regularly  exhibited  in  competition  in  the  Pal- 
ace and  at  Billancourt,  I visited  Melun,  as  already  stated ; the 
Imperial  Farms  at  Lamotte-Beauvron,  about  120  miles  southwest 
of  Paris ; at  Bambouillet ; at  Camp  de  Chalons,  some  120  miles 
east  in  the  Champaign  district ; and  the  model  farm  at  Yincennes, 
adjoining  Paris — all  but  the  first  in  company  with  Mr.  Tisserand, 
who  directs  the  operations  and  culture  of  each  with  great  ability. 

In  speaking  of  agricultural  implements  and  machinery,  inas- 
much as  they  are  connected  with  a branch  of  industry  of  the  first 
importance  in  the  world  and  common  to  every  part  of  it,  the 
views  expressed  will  necessarily  be  to  some  extent  comparative ; 
it  will  therefore  be  well  to  bear  in  mind  a few  facts  which  lie  at 
the  foundation  of  Agriculture  in  Europe,  and  especially  a few 
essential  particulars  in  which  the  conditions  controlhng  the  pursuit 
of  rural  husbandry  there  differ  from  those  present  here  in  Illinois, 
and  which  were  constantly  forced  upon  my  attention.  Among 
these  are : 

1st.  In  nearly  all  Europe,  the  tillable  surface  is  exhausted  of 
its  primitive  natural  fertility — so  much  so,  that  without  systematic 
and  copious  applications  of  fertilizers,  it  would  respond  with  an- 
nual crops  but  a very  few  years  at  most. 

2d.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  only  the  inorganic  or  mineral  basis 
of  a soil  is  left,  the  elements  of  which  vary  with  almost  every 
geological  formation  upon  which  it  rests,  and  of  which  it  is  sub- 
stantially composed,  sjpecial  cultures  are  the  rule  and  mixed  bus- 


84 


bandry  the  exception.  These  cultures  are  still  further  confirmed 
and  encouraged  in  many  districts,  by  the  general  prevalence  of 
household  industries,  drawing  their  supplies  of  raw  materials 
from  the  products  of  tillage. 

3d.  Population  is  very  dense,  and  hence,  manual  labor  is 
cheap ; while  real  estate,  staple  farm  products,  and  the  labor  of 
all  animals  whose  carcasses  are  not  generally  used  for  human  food, 
are  dear. 

4th.  In  no  generous  sense,  can  the  laboring  people  of  the  ru- 
ral districts,  in  any  part  of  the  old  world  be  called  educated. 
Taught  to  regard  themselves  as  “hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of 
water,”  for  higher  or  more  wealthy  classes,  and  without  what  we 
call  general  intelligence,  they  are  wedded  to  old  ways,  and  mani- 
fest little  elasticity  of  mind  or  aptitude  to  invent,  or  practice  or 
appreciate  new  and  better  methods.* 

5th.  Almost  all  important  efibrts  and  experiments,  the  result 
of  which  has  been  to  improve  agricultural  practice  and  increase 
production,  have  originated  with  the  governments,  or  in  special 
schools  maintained  in  whole  or  in  part  by  governmental  patron- 
age, as  necessary  measures  of  political  economy. 

W e are  all  aware  that  precisely  the  opposite  of  each  one  of  the 
foregoing  propositions  is  true  to-day  in  Illinois ; and  every  refiect- 
ing  mind  will  readily  comprehend  how,  in  one  way  and  another, 
in  processes,  tools  and  methods  of  culture,  farm  husbandry  must 
be  modified  by  considerations  of  such  fundamental  importance. 

Seventy  four  acres  on  the  Island  of  Billancourt,  some  three 
miles  down  the  Seine  from  the  city,  had  been  designated  as  the 

*Onlythe  laboring  population  strictly— those  who  till  the  soil  with  their  own  hands— are  in- 
tended to  be  referred  to  in  this  proposition.  No  class  of  men  probably  anywhere,  are  more 
keenly  solicitous  for  the  adoption  of  all  real  improvements,  or  seize  upon  and  adopt  them  in 
practice  so  far  as  possible,  come  from  where  they  may,  than  intelligent  proprietors  in  France. 
At  the  close  of  the  International  Exposition  of  1855,  the  official  reporter,  after  acknowledging 
in  no  measured  terms,  the  superior  construction  of  plows  and  some  other  farm  implements  of 
English  manufacture,  and  his  unbounded  admiration  for  the  American  Mowing  and  Reaping 
Machines,  urges  in  behalf  of  the  Jury,  the  reduction  of  the  tariff  on  manufactures  of  this  cl  S6> 
and  at  least  on  those  taking  prizes.  I translate  a paragraph  or  two : “Let  foreign  agricultural 
machines  and  implements  of  culture  enter  France  by  means  of  moderate  tariffs  and  they  will 
extend  themselves  throughout  all  rural  operations;  the  most  humble  blacksmith  of  the  villages 
will  know  how  to  imitate  good  models,  to  simplify  the  too  costly  parts,  and  progress  will  cease 
to  be  stopped  at  the  frontier.  This  is  an  international  question  and  not  merely  a French  ques- 
tion. Foreign  manufacturers  ask  only  an  increase  of  the  market  on  which  to  throw  their  imple- 
ments; farmers  are  convinced  of  the  immense  advantage  there  is  in  the  adoption  of  certain  me- 
chanical inventions  made  abroad,  and  regret  that  financial  obstacles  present  themselves  so  that 
these  inventions  cannot  penetrate  in  every  place  where  a grain  of  wheat  can  sprout.” 

This  may  be  accepted  to-day  as  the  expression  of  enlightened  public  opinion  on  the  continent 
of  Europe,  if  not  in  the  British  Isles. 


85 


place  for  holding  the  trial  of  all  agricultural  implements,  except 
those  for  harvesting  grass  and  cereals,  which  last  it  was  early 
known  would  be  tested  on  the  Imperial  farm  of  Fouilleuse,  some 
six  miles  south-west,  near  St.  Cloud. 

The  order  assigned  for  the  entire  exhibition  at  this  Island  was 
as  follows: 

APRIL,  first  fortnight.  Plows  of  all  kinds — hydraulic  machines — steam  machines. 

Second  fortnight.  Steam  plows — harrows,  rollers,  weeders,  scarifiers, — devi- 
ces for  working  up  clays,  etc.,  machines  for  making  drain  tile. 

MAY.  First  fortnight.  Seeders  and  distributors  of  manures — fiax  and  hemp  dress- 
ing machines — vehicles,  harness — scales — churns  and  dairy  utensils. 

Second  fortnight.  Mowers,  hay -tedders,  rakes  and  other  hay-making  imple- 
ments for  use  in  gathering,  pressing  and  preserving  hay. 

JUNE.  First  fortnight.  Farriery.  Examination  of  rural  establishments. 

Second  fortnight.  Straw-cutters,  root-cutters — horse-hoes,  hilling  imple. 
ments — mills. 

JULY.  First  fortnight.  Apparatus  for  shearing  different  domestic  animals. 

Second  fortnight.  Reapers  and  implements  for  harvesting  cereals. 

First  fortnight.  Threshing  and  other  machines  designed  for  cleaning  and 
preserving  seeds. 

Second  fortnight.  Farm  furnaces,  apparatus  for  cooking  legumes,  for  wash- 
ing, for  the  manufacture  of  manures. 

SEPTEMBER  AND  OCTOBER.  Examination  of  specimens  of  divers  Agricultural 
industries. 

The  exhibition  of  Animals  at  Billancourt  took  place  in  the 
following  order : 

APRIL.  First  fortnight.  Breeding-sheep  for  mutton. 

Second  fortnight.  Pat  animals. 

MAY.  First  fortnight.  Breeding-cattle  for  the  dairy. 

Second  fortnight.  Breeding-sheep  for  wool. 

JUNE.  First  fortnight.  Draft-horses. 

Second  fortnight.  Poultry. 

JULY.  First  fortnight.  Work-cattle  (breeders). 

Second  fortnight.  Horses  for  pleasure — for  saddle,  for  hunting,  for  carriage, 
ponies,  etc. 

AUGUST.  First  fortnight.  Dogs. 

Second  fortnight.  Work  cattle.  (They  should  be  sent  in  pairs,  and  trained 
to  yoke  or  collar.  Special  trials  will  take  place  to  test  their  aptitude  for 
work.) 

SEPT.  First  fortnight.  Breeding-swine. 

Second  fortnight.  Asses,  mules,  crosses  of  the  horse  and  ass. 

OCT.  First  fortnight.  Neat  cattle  for  beef.  (Fat  animals  and  breeders). 

Second  fortnight.  Divers  acclimated  animals  and  such  as  are  susceptible  of 
being. 

PLOWS. — Not  being  connected  with  the  Jury  until  the  first 
of  May,  the  trials  of  the  Plows  had  taken  place  while  my  atten- 
tion was  engrossed  by  events  transpiring  at  Champ  de  Mars,  and 
I did  not  see  the  operation  of  these  implements,  but  only  the 


86 


ground  as  they  left  it  at  the  close  of  the  trials,  and  the  plows  at 
rest.  It  would  require  a discussion  of  mathematical  laws  in  their 
application  to  the  construction  of  this  important  implement,  for 
which  1 am  illy  prepared,  and  illustrative  diagrams  for  which 
there  is  no  provision,  to  report  in  detail  intelligibly  and  to  con- 
sider fully  the  comparative  merits  of  the  plows  exhibited.  I 
must  therefore  speak  in  general  terms,  as  my  promise  is  to  tell 
you  how  things  seemed  to  me,  rather  than  absolutely  how  or  what 
they  were. 

No  American  plows*  were  tried;  the  prizes  they  received  hav- 
ing been  awarded  to  them  without  removal  from  the  Annex. 

The  English  seem  to  have  attained  perfection  in  the  construc- 
tion of  a plow  which  realizes  their  ideas  of  perfect  work — to  turn 
a furrow  slice,  at  whatever  depth,  so  evenly  and  gradually  as 
scarcely  to  disturb  its  component  particles  of  earth  in  their  rela- 
tions to  each  other.  The  inversion  may  be  more  or  less  complete, 
but  the  line  of  furrow  must  be  entirely  straight,  and  the  furrow- 
slice  unbroken.  With  them  this  implement  is  in  no  sense  a pulver- 
iser to  any  extent ; after-labors  with  other  tools  must  prepare  the 
seed-bed  for  the  reception  of  the  grain  and  the  extension  of  the 
supporting  roots.  The  function  of  the  plow  is  fulfilled  in  their 
view  when  the  soil  to  be  tilled  is  severed  from  its  bed  and  wholly 
or  partially  inverted,  so  that  the  blades  and  teeth  of  lighter  imple- 
ments, aided  by  the  crusher  and  roller,  can  pulverise  its  parts  and 
evenly  incorporate  the  applied  manures. 

To  attain  the  proposed  ends,  the  English  manufacturers  and 
inventors  have  fully  decided  in  favor  of  a plow  with  a mould- 
board  of  great  length  and  curved  with  mathematical  precision ; 
the  beam  and  handles  also  very  long;  with  an  entire  weight  much 
greater  than  any  of  the  same  class  manufactured  here.  For 
beautiful  regularity  and  accuracy,  I have  never  seen  the  plowing 
done  by  English  plowmen  at  Billancourt  equaled,  rarely  indeed 
approached ; and  yet,  the  fact  that  no  pulverization  whatever  is 
accomplished,  necessitates  an  amount  of  subsequent  work  in  har- 
rowing and  rolling,  which  must,  even  in  countries  where  labor  is 
cheap,  render  the  proper  preparation  of  the  soil  exceedingly  ex- 
pensive, and  in  this  State,  where  the  summer  springs  upon  the 


•The  only  one  in  my  charge  was  from  Messrs.  John  Deere  & Co.,  of  Moline,  which  was  sold 
to  the  Prussian  Minister  of  Agriculture  for  $30  in  gold— an  A.  No.  1,  Clipper,  without  a coulter— 
and  therefore  not  in  condition  to  work  on  the  ground  selected  for  trial,  which  was  green-award. 


87 


farmer  from  the  lap  of  winter,  the  seed  would  too  often  be  thrown 
upon  ground  in  bad  condition  to  receive  it. 

It  is  a practical,  historical  fact,  I believe,  that  all  plows  brought 
to  this  State  from  Great  Britain,  (and  there  have  been  many), 
from  the  time  of  Mr.  Birkbeck,  about  1830,  to  a recent  period, 
by  those  whose  convictions  amounted  to  strong  prejudices  against 
the  American  and  in  favor  of  the  imported,  and  who  had  han- 
dled the  latter  in  Britain  for  years,  have  failed  to  give  satisfaction, 
and  have  invariably  been  discarded  for  those  of  our  own  first-rate 
makers.  Generally  they  have  not  scoured^  and  have  always  been 
condemned  as  unwieldy,  heavy-draft  ‘‘  horse-killers  ” — doing  little 
execution  in  proportion  to  the  strength  of  team  required  to  draw 
them. 

From  whatever  considerations,  it  so  happened  that  no  British 
made  plow  received  a prize  at  this  International  trial,  although 
one  of  them  was  admitted  to  be  held  by  the  best  plowman  in 
England,  and  certainly  performed  its  work  to  the  entire  satisfac- 
tion of  its  manufacturer. 

The  English  ofiicial  reporter’s  criticism  on  American  plows  at 
the  competition  during  the  London  Exhibition  of  1851,  was  that 
they  “are  very  elegant  and  light,  but  seem  hardly  steady  enough 
for  breaking  up  an  English  clover-ley,”  yet  at  that  very  trial  Hale 
and  Spear’s  American  plow  showed  a lightness  of  draft  (which 
should  have  been  otherwise  with  much  unsteadiness)  of  530  points 
of  resistance  against  540  up  to  659  points  shown  by  plows  of  the 
best  English  patterns. 

The  marked  difference  which  strikes  at  first  sight,  between  the 
American,  (perhaps  I should  say  Illinois,)  and  all  foreign  plows 
of  acknowledged  merit  is  that  the  mould-boards  of  the  former  are 
more  upright  and  seem  to  present  a more  direct  resistance  to, 
amounting  to  a considerable  pressure  upon,  the  under  surface  of 
the  rising  furrow-slice,  as  it  is  thrown  from  the  polished  plate — a 
circumstance  that  would  seem,  if  true,  likely  to  tell,  against  them 
in  test  of  draft,  but  which  in  view  of  such  test  often  made,  it  is 
to  be  concluded,  is  quite  compensated  for  in  some  other  manner. 

To  my  mind,  in  this  very  pressure  is  to  be  found  the  excellence 
of  the  plow  as  a pulveriser ; and  all  plows  scientifically  construct- 
ed on  the  principle  of  offering  the  least  direct  resistance  or  pres- 
sure upon  the  soil  removed,  will  fail  in  this  regard.  No  amount 
of  cracking  the  furrow-slice,  breaking  it  into  cubes  or  sections  by 


88 


twisting,  and  certainly  no  English  plowing  alone,  will  have  the 
effect  to  comminute  the  soil  or  any  considerable  part  of  it,  to  a 
degree  required  by  the  plants  it  is  afterwards  to  nourish.  Positive 
pulverization — reducing  to  the  finest  particles — is  the  only  condi  - 
tion in  which  soil  can  be  serviceable,  except  mechanically  as  a 
bed,  to  the  rootlets  of  the  growing  crop,  and  hence  I have  seen 
the  gardener  with  his  spade  (that  choicest  of  all  tools,  properly 
used,)  dig  up  the  earth  and  deposit  it  inverted  so  carefully  as  to 
deprive  it  of  all  power  to  sustain  vegetable  fife  in  a moderately 
dry  season.  A single  stroke  with  the  back  of  the  spade  as  each 
spit  was  turned  over,  would  have  given  the  equivalent  to  the 
pressure  or  resistance  of  which  I have  spoken  afforded  by  the 
Illinois  plow.  After  the  English  plow  or  any  other  constructed 
to  turn  the  furrow  with  the  least  resistance  attainable,  the  harrow 
must  follow  with  its  teeth  reaching  the  entire  depth  plowed 
and  the  roller  must  pass  and  repass  over  it,  giving  the  needful 
comminuting  pressure,  or  the  soil  will  not  be  in  proper  tilth. 

Hence  I believe  the  correctness  of  the  principles  upon  which 
the  plows  of  our  best  Illinois  manufacturers,  have  been  made  to 
assume  their  present  approved  forms,  short  mould-boards  and  all, 
is  fully  established;  and  that  the  plows  in  whose  construction 
those  principles  are  applied,  will  in  the  future  as  in  the  past,  give 
better  satisfaction  than  others  difierently  constructed  with  easier 
gradations  and  curves. 

To  employ  a plow  which  handles  the  soil  more  tenderly  than 
is  consistent  with  needful  ease  of  draft,  is  bad  farming  and  worse 
science;  and  to  use  an  excess  of  material  in  its  construction  is 
bad  mechanism  and  worse  economy.  Hence,  you  will  rightly 
conclude  that  I saw  no  implements  of  this  class  made  abroad  at 
all  comparable  to  the  Illinois  plows  for  the  purposes  to  which 
they  are  and  should  be  applied. 

The  usual  form  of  share  and  mould-board  of  our  ‘‘prairie- 
breakers,”  adapted  to  turning  a thin  slice  of  sod  without  any  pul- 
verization, very  nearly  approaches  the  approved  English  patterns, 
the  depth  of  furrow  being  regulated  at  the  farmer’s  option. 

SEEDEKS. — It  is  as  well  understood  in  Europe  that  the  seed- 
drill  in  its  most  important  parts  and  best  forms  is  an  English  in- 
vention, as  that  the  Heaping  and  Mowing  Machines  are  Ameri- 
can. The  French  and  others  make  good  drills,  but  are  free  to 


< 


89 


acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to  the  Island  across  the  channel 
for  the  chief  features  embodied  in  them. 

The  point  of  principal  excellence  is  the  device  for  dropping. 
Revolving  vertically  in  the  seed-box  are  as  many  thin  cast  iron  cir- 
cular plates  of  6 to  8 inches  in  diameter,  as  there  are  dropping  or 
guiding  tubes  in  the  drill;  ordinarily  ten  to  fifteen  on  a drill  of 
four  feet  in  width.  Projecting  at  right  angles,  (that  is  horizontal- 
ly) from  near  the  edges  of  the  plates,  are  as  many  cups  (about  1^ 
inches  in  length,)  or  rather  pegs  with  the  ends  formed  into  cups 
of  say  f of  an  inch  in  diameter — as  may  be  required  by  the  quan- 
tity of  seed  per  acre  to  be  sown.  These  cups  revolving  in  the 
seed-box  pass  through  the  seed  and  carry  it  over  to  the  hoppers 
in  the  dropping  tubes,  into  which  it  falls  when  the  necessary 
inclination  is  reached.  These  cups  are  removable,  may  be  set  at 
any  inclination  for  delivery,  and  may  be  made  of  any  desirable 
size,  so  that  the  quantity  of  seed  per  acre,  of  whatever  dimen- 
sions, whether  corn  or  grass  seed,  may  be  accurately  determined. 
Any  of  the  plates  may  be  removed  or  thrown  out  of  gear,  to 
regulate  the  distance  between  the  rows;  the  cups  revolve  in  sight 
of  the  attendant,  so  that  any  derangement  is  soon  observed  ; there 
is  no  cut-off  or  other  device  out  of  view  or  likely  to  be  choked, 
or,  in  the  operation  of  which,  the  seed  is  liable  to  be  injured ; the 
rate  of  revolution  is  dependent  on  the  gearing  and  may  be  regu- 
lated as  required.  Pulverized  fertilisers,  lime,  guano,  etc.,  may 
be  deposited  with  the  seed,  if  desirable. 

For  efficiency,  regularity  and  certainty,  this  device  leaves  no- 
thing to  be  wished  for. 

The  devices  for  guiding  the  implement  vary.  Some  are  very 
ingenious — some  so  complicated  as  to  be  practically  useless — some 
are  in  the  form  of  levers  in  front  of  the  wheels  and  controlled 
by  a man  who  walks  and  watches  the  movement  of  the  machine; 
some  are  guided  by  a crank  passing  from  the  front,  where  it  ope- 
rates a cog  gearing  on  a quarter  circle,  to  the  rear,  where  the  arm 
enables  a man  to  change  the  direction  of  the  machine  readily,  etc. 

I do  not  remember  any  drill  upon  which  the  driver  rode,  and 
very  few  have  tongues  or  shaft s,  wln'ch  are  supposed  to  interfere 
with  guiding  properly.  In  all  cases,  I believe,  the  horses  were 
led  by  the  bridle.  At  least  two  hands,  and  generally  three,  ac- 
companied each  machine  at  work.  The  drill  receiving  the  high- 
est prize,  a Gold  Medal,  is  manufactured  by  Smyth  and  Sons, 


90 


Peasenhall,  Suffolk,'  Eugland.  It  is  a combined  seed  and  manure 
drill.  Another,  by  James  Coultas,  of  Grantham,  England,  pleased 
me  very  much.  It  drilled  any  kind  of  seed  well  and  could  be 
transformed  into  a broad-cast  sower,  simply  by  raising  the  tubes ; 
width  4 feet;  price  in  London  £27  10s. 

Of  KOLLERS,  HARROWS,  SCARIFIERS,  and  other  im- 
plements designed  to  prepare  the  soil  and  for  tillage,  there  was, 
by  several  of  the  largest  manufacturing  establishments  of  Eng- 
land and  France,  an  extensive,  interesting  and  creditable  show; 
but  I observed  nothing  especially  new  or  valuable  beyond  what 
we  are  already  familiar  with  in  th's  country. 

The  only  American  implement  of  this  class  which  received  an 
examination  on  trial  in  the  field,  was  Comstock’s  Rotary  Spader, 
which  performed  in  a manner  sufficiently  satisfactory  to  obtain 
the  award  of  a Silver  Medal.  This  machine,  well  known  to  you, 
is  apparently  winning  its  way  to  public  favor  in  England  and  is 
being  introduced  upon  the  continent. 

MOWERS  AND  REAPERS. — It  is  not  necessary  for  me  to 
do  more  than  refer  to  the  results  of  the  trials  of  these  machines, 
which  being  essentially  the  ofi'spring  of  American  necessity  for 
economizing  hand-labor,  have  reached  a perfection  at  home,  far  in 
advance  of  anything  attained  elsewhere,  even  by  palpable  at- 
tempted imitations  of  the  most  important  parts  of  our  inventions. 
It  is  not  improper,  because  entirely  within  the  truth,  to  say  that 
at  least  ten  different  machines  of  this  class  are  largely  manufac- 
tured in  this  country,  either  one  of  which  is  superior  to  any  made 
abroad. 

The  best  European  Reapers  and  Mowers  were  present  at  the 
four  separate  trials,  (two  of  each)  to  which  the  jury  subjected 
them,  and,  to  any  one  acquainted  with  the  successful  operation  of 
the  American  harvesters,  in  constant  popular  use,  the  fact  just 
stated  was  abundantly  plain. 

The  American  machines  represented  b}^  and  operated  under 
the  direction  of,  the  manufacturers,  inventors,  or  their  American 
agents,  were  the  C.  H.  McCormick’s  combined,  of  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois; the  Walter  A.  Wood’s  combined  and  single  mower,  of 
Hoosick  Falls,  New  York;  and  the  J.  FI.  Perry’s  mower,  of 
Kingston,  Rhode  Island* — all  worthy  representatives  of  this 

•Mr.  McCormick  and  Mr.  Perry  were  present  in  person.  Mr.  Wood  was  ably  represented  by 
Gen.  Tibbetts,  of  New  York. 


WOOD’S  MOWING  MAOHIND 


'Mix’ 


91 


national  specialty.  Other  patterns  of  American  invention,  the 
macliines  being  made  in  England  and  France,  were  also  present, 
but  their  peiformance  was  not  what  would  have  been  confidently 
expected  under  other  circumstances. 

The  first  day’s  operation  was  with  the  Mowers,  Thursday,  May 
23d  in  a piece  of  mixed  luzerne,  clover  and  grasses  on  the  Impe- 
rial farm  of  Fouilleuse,  some  six  miles  southwest  of  Paris.  The 
preparations  were  made  in  a manner  highly  ci  editable  to  those 
having  them  in  charge.  The  crop  was  of  rank  growth  and  in 
some  places  lodged — the  weather  showery.  The  bottom  was 
soft,  uneven,  with  frequent  small  hillocks  and  abounding  in  pieces 
of  cherty  rock,  lying  on  the  surface.  It  was  soon  apparent  that 
not  only  the  cutting  qualities  of  the  machines  were  to  be  tested? 
but  the  temper  of  the  cutting  apparatus,  if  not,  indeed,  the  tem- 
per of  the  gentlemen  most  interested  in  the  result. 

The  second  trial  of  Mowers  was  held  on  the  same  field  on  the 
27th  of  July  following — when  the  second  crop  was  found  to  be 
quite  as  heavy  as  the  first,  with  the  surface  a little  more  favorable 
to  good  work. 

As  none  but  American  Mowers  received  prizes  for  meritorious 
performance,  I do  not  care  to  speak  in  detail  of  these  trials,  fur- 
ther than  to  say,  that  the  test  was  a severe  one,  under  which 
a very  considerable  number  of  the  19  machines  entered,  proved 
utter  failures,  and  a large  majority  unequal  to  the  completion  in 
a workmanlike  manner  of  the  task  assigned  them — that  on  the 
part  of  the  Jury  it  was  conducted  throughout  in  the  most  impar- 
tial and  pains-taking  manner  possible,  and  on  the  part  of  the 
exhibitors  with  entire  courtesy  and  the  most  commendable 
patience.  The  first  and  second  prize  machines,  cuts  of  which 
I am  enabled  by  favor  of  the  makers,  to  insert  in  this  report, 
richly  deserved  the  honors  so  triumphantly  won  for  themselves 
and  their  country,  and  which  were  freely  bestowed  by  so  compe- 
tent a body  of  foreign  judges. 

The  first  day’s  trial  of  the  Reaping  Machines  was  held  on  the 
26th  of  July,  on  a field  of  wheat,  s-eparated  by  a road  from  that 
cut  over  by  the  Mowers.  The  grain  on  one  portion  of  the  tract 
was  badly  lodged  and  tangled — the  estimated  yield  about  30 
bushels  per  acre.  Sixteen  machines  were  entered,  and  their  po- 
sitions determined,  as  in  case  of  the  Mowers,  by  lot.  Mr.  Mc- 
Cormick drew  as  ditficult  a piece  to  do  good  work  on  as  any  in 


92 


the  field;  some  of  the  other  American  machines  were  more  for- 
tunate. 

The  result  of  the  day’s  work  was  again  to  demonstrate  the  su- 
periority of  the  American  harvesters,  but  it  was  thought  best  to 
adjourn  the  trial  and  re-assemble  on  the  following  30th  day  of 
July,  at  the  Imperial  model  farm  of  Yincennes,  adjacent  to  Paris 
on  the  west. 

The  field  selected  was  in  heavy  oats,  generally  standing  well, 
with  a fair  surface  and  occasional  large  trees,  singly  and  in  clumps. 
Each  lot  contained  27  ares — little  more  than  half  an  acre.  As  a 
rule  the  machines  performed  better  than  in  the  wheat;  neveithe- 
^ess,  the  supremacy  of  the  McCormick  self  raker  was  plainly  ap- 
parent in  style  and  quality  of  work.  The  first  rank  was  assigned 
to  McCormick ; the  second  to  M.  Durand  of  Paris,  who  operated 
a Seymour,  Morgan  and  Allen  machine  of  French  manufacture ; 
the  third  to  Mr.  Massey  of  Canada,  who  operated  a Wood  ma- 
chine made  in  Canada;  and  another  third  to  Messrs.  Samuelson 
and  Son  of  Englanrl,  whose  machine  with  the  American  cutting 
apparatus,  did  good  work,  but  which,  from  the  fact  that  the  driver 
walked  and  another  hand  was  required  to  follow,  in  order  to  watch 
and  clear  the  sickle,  would  hardly  be  an  acceptable  present  to  an 
Illinois  farmer. 

At  a previous  meeting  of  the  Jury,  after  full  discussion,  the 
same  general  regulations  and  arrangements  for  these  trials,  in- 
cluding the  scales  of  points,  were  adopted  as  those  established 
by  the  Board  of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society,  for  the 
trial  of  Harvesting  Implements  at  Dixon,  in  July,  1862. 

The  report  of  the  Jury,  embodying  in  detail  descriptions  of  the 
competing  machines  and  of  the  many  incidents  of  the  trials,  will 
soon  be  published,  and  I need  not  here  repeat  them  in  a less 
authentic  form. 

The  prestige  acquired  in  Europe,  by  Mr.  McCormick  in  many 
public  competitions,  and  especially  the  developments  of  the  great 
trials  during  the  Exposition  of  1855  at  Paris,  in  which  appeared 
the  McCormick  hand-raker,  the  Manny  hand-raker,  and  the  At- 
kins self-raker,  while  they  prepared  the  minds  of  the  Jury  and 
the  public  to  anticipate  the  success  of  the  American  machines, 
yet  in  view  of  rumors  that  some  of  these  latter  had  failed  in  the 
opinions  of  the  juries  there,  to  maintain  their  supremacy  at  cer- 
tain recent  trials  in  England,  and  in  view  of  the  unsparing  efibrts 


93 


of  several  large  maunfacturing  establishments  in  Great  Britain 
to  improve  on  the  construction  of  this  important  machine,  I con- 
fidently expected  much  closer  competition.  One  may  almost 
conclude,  therefore,  that  in  the  plans  of  the  essential  working 
parts,  our  Reapers  and  Mowers  have  well  nigh  reached  perfec- 
tion, and  that  the  points  of  chief  rivalry  henceforth  should  be 
durability,  by  the  use  of  the  best  materials ; and  reduction  of 
cost  to  the  farmer,  by  improving  the  machinery  for  their  manu- 
facture. 

It  was  matter  of  regret  that  none  of  our  Headers  were  present 
on  this  occasion.  TJieir  fame  as  harvesters  had  excited  much 
anxiety  in  the  minds  of  many  to  witness  tlieir  performance,  and 
I trust  another  such  opportunity  to  popularize  them  in  Europe 
will  not  be  suffered  to  pass  unimproved  by  those  who  are  engaged 
in  their  manufacture. 

HAY  TEDDERS. — Afrer  mowing  came  the  trial  of  the  ted- 
ders. The  sight  to  me  was  entirely  novel.  Under  the  weeping 
summer  skies  of  the  British  Isles,  hay  must  sometimes  be  made 
when  the  sun  does  not  shine;  and  on  their  meadows,  bearing  two 
or  three  tons  of  grass  per  acre,  it  could  hardly  be  cured  at  all  ‘‘in 
the  swath,”  as  it  is  generally  cured  with  us ; hence  the  operation 
of  turning  and  scattering  it  for  the  purpose  of  drying  it  sufficient- 
ly to  stack  with  safety,  is  always  a heavy  labor,  oftentimes  exceed- 
ing in  cost  the  cutting. 

Hay-tedders  are  therefore  a British  specialty,  growing  out  of 
the  exceptional  meteorological  conditions  of  that  country,  and 
have  been  used  there  in  some  form  for  sixty  years.  With  their 
usual  thoroughness  and  a most  remunerative  market  among  the 
wealthy  proprietors  of  the  realm,  the  manfacturers  have  succeed- 
ed in  almost  driving  the  old-fashioned  forks  from  their  meadows 
and  during  the  past  few  years  brought  into  use  several  imple- 
ments of  this  class  which  seem  to  lack  only  what  an  American 
would  put  on  them  at  once — a seat  for  the  driver — to  leave  nothing 
to  be  desired. 

It  was  an  exhilarating  sight  to  see  the  ten  or  a dozen  tedders 
start  upon  their  tasks,  taking  a width  of  about  7 feet  6 inches 
each,  and  throwing  the  grass  up  in  clouds  and  backward  by 
means  of  a reverse  motion,  from  the  tines  of  the  revolving  forks, 
until,  but  for  the  broad  wire  screens  erected  between  them  and 


94: 


tlie  horses,  the  latter  would  have  soon  been  buried.  “The  work 
done  by  one  two-horse  tedder,  is  equivalent  to  at  least  fifteen 
women  with  forks,”  (so  it  is  said  ; but  as  we  in  the  United  States 
do  not  use  the  same  standard  of  measurement,  each  reader  for 
himself,  must  reduce  the  “ work  of  fifteen  women  with  forks,” 
to  some  intelligible  quantity.) 

Milliard’s  American  hay-tedder,  with  the  veteran  safe-maker — 
Silas  Herring — in  the  seat,  entered  into  the  contest,  but  while 
the  back-action  of  this  implement  may  be  well  suited  to  the  pur- 
pose in  this  country,  it  evidently  did  not  sufiicientl}^  stir  the  grass 
to  meet  the  views  of  the  Jury.  In  clover  or  luzerne,  which 
should  be  handled  somewhat  tenderly,  it  was  judged  likely  to 
give  satisfaction,  but  not  in  the  usual  meadow  grasses.  It  re- 
ceived an  Honorable  Mention. 

The  best  tedder  was  adjudged  to  be  that  of  W.  H.  Nicholson,  of 
Newark,  England. 

Of  UOKSE  HAY-KAKES  there  were  some  which  performed 
tolerably  well,  or  would  have  done  so  if  the  grass  had  not  been  too 
wet  for  a fair  and  thorough  trial.  I observed  no  point,  however, 
in  which  any  of  them  seemed  superior  to  those  in  ordinary  use 
here.  Invention  has  kept  pace  with  the  necessities  of  the  farm- 
ers of  the  United  States,  in  the  construction  of  hay-gatherers,  as 
well  as  of  mowers,  until  it  is  not  likely  our  best  models  are  ex- 
celled. No  American  rake  was  present,  and  there  was  therefore, 
no  opportunity  for  direct  comparison  of  performance. 

FAHM  WAGONS. — The  French  and  English  carriages,  ve- 
hicles of  luxury,  are  so  elegant  in  model  and  so  highly  finished 
in  workmanship,  that  one  is  led  to  expect  at  least  a modicum 
of  symmetry  and  grace  in  humbler  structures.  The  wagons 
made  for  the  business  of  the  express  and  transportation  compa- 
nies, are  oftentimes  of  graceful  proportions  which  in  no  way 
detract  from  their  strength  or  durability ; but,  like  most  other 
things  designed  for  the  use  of  the  short  pursed  million  who  form 
the  working  substratum  of  European  society,  farm  vehicles  are 
by  no  means  works  of  art.  The  extraordinary  weight  of  material 
employed  in  their  construction,  is  warranted  only  by  the  hard 
surfaces  of  their  universally  well  kept  roads  and  the  low  price  of 
iron.  AYith  tires  three  to  six  inches  broad  and  one-half  to  one 
inch  thick,  the  remaining  parts  are  made  proportionally  massive, 


95 


only  that  the  material  seems  in  some  instances  to  be  distributed 
without  much  regard  to  the  duiability  of  those  parts  upon  which 
the  wear  and  strain  are  greatest.  The  contrast  presented  by  the 
comparatively  neat,  tidy,  well-proportioned  and  strong  wagon 
exhibited  by  Mr.  Schuttler  of  Chicago,  was  very  marked,  and  its 
construction  appreciated  by  the  Jury,  who  awarded  to  it  a Silver 
Medal — the  only  other  prize  of  equal  grade  on  wagons  having 
been  awarded  to  an  English  firm,  who  made  an  extensive  show  of 
vehicles.  I observed  no  forms  or  devices  in  connection  with  the 
exhibition  of  these  objects  which  stiuck  me  as  new  or  remarkable 
for  merit.  I am  not  sure  that  the  employment  of  carts  instead  of 
four  wheeled  wagons,  for  the  transportation  on  large  farms, 
would  not  be  an  improvement,  and  especially  an  economy  of 
labor  of  considerable  importance  in  this  western  country.  The 
facility  with  which  they  can  be  unloaded  and  turned  in  many  places 
which  are  inaccesJble  to  wagons,  is  certainly  in  their  favor. 
Nearly  all  the  ordinary  transportation  of  the  rural  districts  in 
Erance,  is  done  with  carts,  upon  which  they  heap  up  in  the  most 
artistic  manner  possible,  immense  loads — often  employing  two  or 
more  horses  tandem.  I often  saw  a single  pair  of  wheels  bearing 
up  a load  of  ten  tons  in  weight  and  drawn  by  seven  to  ten  horses 
hitched  in  the  same  manner. 

Of  KOOT-CUTTEKS,  STEAW-CUTTEES  AND  FEED- 
MILLS,  there  were  many  of  both  French  and  English  manufac- 
ture, chiefiy  the  latter. 

If  the  people  of  Great  Britain  have  a weakness  more  promi- 
nently marked  than  any  other,  it  is  for  good,  fat,  ripe  meats.  It 
the  farmers  of  the  kingdom  are  more  justly  famous  for  one  thing 
above  another,  it  is  that  they  have  intelligently  and  persevering- 
ly  pursued  the  rearing  of  neat  cattle,  sheep  and  swine  for  the 
butcher,  to  better  purpose  and  with  evidently  better  success  than 
any  other  farmers  on  the  broad  earth.  If  the  climate  and  soil  of 
Great  Britain  are  better  adapted  to  the  practice  of  one  branch  of 
husbandry  than  any  other,  it  is  to  the  production  of  domestic  ani- 
mals and  especially  those  that  feed  on  the  open  pastures  during 
the  summer  season.  Hence  it  is  that  fully  one-half  of  the  entire 
surface  of  England  is  in  grass;  and  as  a supplement  for  the  proper 
maintenance  of  so  many  animals  during  the  winter,  another 


96 


twelfth  is  cultivated  in  roots  and  forage  plants.*  Comparatively 
little  hay  and  straw  or  roots  are  fed  (except  what  of  the  latter  are 
pastured  off  by  sheep)  without  being  previously  cut  and  frequent- 
ly cooked,  Hence,  too,  comes  the  demand  tor  this  class  of  im- 
plements, as  a prime  necessity  with  the  breeder,  the  feeder  and 
the  dairyman.  The  same  economical  practice  obtains  on  the  con- 
tinent also,  but  not,  I imagine,  to  the  same  extent  as  in  Great 
Britain.  This  great  interest  is  fully  responded  to  by  inventors 
and  the  great  manufacturing  establishments. 

Most  of  the  general  arrangement  and  valuable  parts  of  these 
machines  are  similar  to  those  in  use  in  this  country,  at  least  there 
is  a btrong  family  resemblance  among  the  straw  and  root-cutters, 
inherited  doubtless  from  inventions  in  use  forty  jeais  ago. 

The  most  popular  straw-cutters  of  English  and  French  manu- 
facture are  constructed  yvith  the  knives  on  the  arms  of  a fly-wheel 
which  is  turned  cross-wise  at  the  front  of  the  feed-box.  The  cut 
material  is  thus  projected  against  the  revolving  wheel,  and  in  the 
case  of  hand  machines,  the  constant  shower  of  hay  or  straw  and 
dust  to  which  the  operator  is  subjected  amounts  to  a positive  an- 
noyance. The  arrangement  of  the  parts  by  which,  as  in  some  of 
our  best  models,  the  operator  turns  the  wheel,  standing  mean- 
yvhile  by  the  side  of  the  box  and  behind  the  cutting  apparatus, 
whether  that  be  knives  with  a perpendicular  motion  or  on  rollers, 
seems  to  me  better,  because  while  it  avoids  the  annoyance  referred 
to,  it  at  the  same  time,  enables  the  operator  to  have  an  eye  to  the 
regularity  of  the  feeding  and  to  aid  it  when  necessary. 

The  highest  premium  on  Root-Cutters — a Silver  Medal — was 
awarded  to  E.  H.  Bentall  of  Hey  bridge  works,  England;  and  on 
Straw-Cutters  to  the  firm  of  Yalck — Yerey,  Saint  Die,  France — 
worthy,  efficient  machines,  of  which  I would  be  glad  to  present  a 
drawing  to  render  a description  of  them  intelligible. 

Of  Feed-Mills,  I saw  none  superior,  either  for  rapidity  of  work, 
or  quality,  or  for  any  essential  feature,  to  some  of  those  exhibit- 
ed at  our  State  Fair  in  1868.  Hone  of  the  mills  on  exhibition  at 

*In  1866  England  had,  of  its  whole  surface: 


In  Cereals 33  2 per  cent. 

In  Roots  and  forage  plants 12.4  “ 

Hops  and  divers 0.3  “ 

Fallow 3.4  “ 

Meadows..... 10.3  “ 

Permanent  pastures 40.4 


100 


97 


Billaiiconrt  were  tried  with  Indian  Corn  and  were  probably 
not  adapted  to  grinding  it,  so  that  in  this  country  where  the 
maize  forms  the  usual  basis  of  all  animal  food,  the  essential  re- 
quisite of  a good  practical  feed-mill  was  wanting.  A machine 
of  this  character,  like  one  of  those  now  introduced  here,  which 
could  have  readily  shelled  and  at  the  same  time  ground  15  to  20 
bushels  of  Indian  Corn  per  hour,  propelled  by  two  horses,  would 
have  produced  a decided  sensation,  and  especially  when  it  was 
ascertained  that  the  same  machine  could  grind  oats,  barley  or 
wheat,  quite  as  well,  and  that  after  passing  through  it  1,500  or 
2,000  bushels,  the  grinding  plates  could  be  renewed  at  a cost  of 
forty  cents. 

Of  minor  agricultural  implements,  forks,  hand-rakes,  spades, 
etc.,  the  American  manufacturers  are  certainly  without  rivals  in 
any  respect.  The  show  of  the  Partridge  Fork  Works  of  Leo- 
minster, Mass.,  to  whose  case  the  Jury  awarded  a Silver  Medal, 
c ould  not  have  been  equaled  by  selections  from  every  other  similar 
exhibit,  either  for  excellence  of  material,  fine  finish,  beauty  of 
form  or  serviceable  strength ; and  the  specimens  were  only  fair 
samples  of  their  ordinary  manufacture,  with  possibly  a little  extra 
polish. 

I have  thus  referred  briefly  to  the  several  kinds  of  implements 
of  farm  husbandry,  which  most  attracted  my  notice.  It  is  clearly 
apparent  on  looking  over  a lot  of  them  made  in  Europe  and  de- 
signed for  European  use,  that  those  who  are  expected  to  handle 
them  either  have  not  the  taste  to  appreciate  good  tools  of  hand- 
some form  and  appearance,  or  lack  the  ability  to  pay  for  the  grati- 
fication of  such  taste,  or  that  the  manufacturers  themselves  are  in 
fault. 

There  is  evidently  a mania  in  France  for  low-priced  wares,  all 
very  well  in  itself,  but  having  a tendency,  it  is  feared,  to  encourage 
inferior  manufacture.  It  has  long  been  well  understood  in  this 
country,  that  the  best  tool  is  on  the  whole  the  cheapest;  and  even 
in  the  days  of  slavery,  more  than  one  master  found  his  interests 
well  served  by  substituting  the  finest  and  most  costly  hoes  and 
other  implements  from  the  best  makers,  for  the  rough  productions 
of  his  negro  blacksmith.  Aside  from  direct  pecuniary  results, 
which  are  always  satisfactory,  there  is  a moral  effect,  a pride  of 
occupation,  produced  on  the  mind  of  the  laborer,  however  un- 
taught and  rude  he  may  be,  by  the  substitution  of  a neat,  easily 


98 


handled,  good  looking  tool,  whether  it  he  a manure  fork  or  a 
reaping  machine,  for  a clumsy,  ill-lookiug  affair,  which  soon  makes 
itself  apparent.  England  has  heretofore  been  in  the  advance  in 
this  matter,  but  opinion  in  France  is  now  feeling  the  force  of  the 
example  set  by  some  of  the  most  enlightened  and  thorough  agri- 
culturists of  the  Empire  who  prize  perfection  more  highly  than 
cheapness.  Gradually  this  appreciation  will  find  its  way  among 
the  small  farmers,  until  rural  employment  there  will  cease,  as  it 
has  ceased  here,  to  be  exhaustive  labor,  and  the  time  thus  saved 
will  be  applied  either  to  refreshing  social  pleasures  or  mental  im- 
provement, or  both. 

Again,  the  popular  effort  among  inventors  of  the  United  States 
is  not  only  to  lessen  the  number  of  hands  required  to  perform  a 
given  operation,  but  to  limit  within  the  narrowest  bounds,  exac- 
tions upon  the  muscular  power  of  the  hands  employed.  Hence, 
in  the  construction  of  farm  implements  designed  to  be  drawn  by 
animals,  the  driver’s  seat,  except  in  the  case  of  single  plows,  and 
even  in  them  sometimes,  is  generally  provided.  Uor  is  the  qual- 
ity of  the  work  performed  affected  otherwise  than  favorably  by 
these  attentions  to  the  comfort  of  the  operator,  while  the  aggre- 
gate achievement  of  farm  labor  relatively  to  its  cost  is  thus  greatly 
magnified. 

No  such  considerations  seem  to  have  prevailed  to  modify  the 
construction  of  implements  abroad.  Even  the  reapers  and  mow- 
ers of  England,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  are  as  a rule,  operated 
by  at  least  two  hands  each,  one  of  whom  leads  the  horses,  the 
other  following  on  foot  to  attend  the  machine  and  be  ready  for 
any  emergency — thus  accomplishing  less  work,  doing  what  is 
done  no  better  and  at  much  greater  expenditure  of  human  power, 
than  under  the  American  system. 

In  the  multiplicity  of  humanitarian  efforts  in  Europe,  this  field 
is  not  yet  touched,  and  there  is  certainly  grefit  promise  of  bounti- 
ful harvests  when  the  energy  and  capital  of  those  interested  sliall 
be  turned  in  this  direction  for  the  promotion  of  the  physical  and 
moral  wellbeing  of  their  farm  laborers.  It  wiUjpay — pay  the 
laborer,  pay  his  employer,  pay  the  implement  manufacturer,  and 
pay  the  country;  and  I trust  another  World’s  Fair  will  show  that 
this  ameliorating  radicalism  has  been  wisely  adopted  and  fostered, 
even  among  less  democratic  communities  than  that  in  which  it 
originated. 


99 


Tt  is  not  necessary  to  speak  of  the  Pumps,  Mills,  and  various 
engines  exhibited  having  relation  to  the  distribution  and  pre- 
paration of  fertilizers,  because  .there  was  little  of  exceptional 
merit  or  superiority  to  those  in  use  here;  I therefore  return  to  the 
Sixth  Group  in  the  Palace,  leaving  the  specimens  of  Agricultural 
establishments  and  live  stock  for  notice  hereafter. 

A highly  educated  gentleman,  familiar  with  the  history  and 
present  status  of  mechanical  invention  among  the  difterent  nations 
of  the  world,  and  withal  a European,  after  spending  some  weeks  in 
looking  over  the  multitude  of  contributions  in  this  group,  remarked 
to  me  while  taking  a survey  of  the  United  States’  section,  substan- 
tially as  follows : “American  inventions  differ  from  all  others  in 
that  they  seem  to  have  no  parentage.  ■'  Evefy  European  invention 
is  clearly  the  child  of  its  father,  to  whom  it  may  b^  easily  traced, 
but  not  so  with  jours;  your  inventors  have  struck  out  in  new  di- 
rections from  new  points  of  departure,  and  they  have  been  amply 
rewarded.”  Of  the  truth  of  the  remark  the  evidence  was  all 
about  us.  The  flight  which  Telegraphy  took  in  the  hands  of 
Morse  and  Field  stamped  it  with  downright  originality  ; the  ge- 
nius of  Fulton  developed  an  application  of  steam  power,  which 
gave  it  all  the  attributes  of  a new  elemental  force.*  To-day  the 
harvest  is  not  2:athered  anywhere  by  machinery  not  in  its  most 
essential  parts  of  American  invention,  while  the  cotton-gin,  the 
sewing  and  knitting  machines,  weapons  of  war  and  hosts  of  other 
implements  and  engines,  born  of  the  great  needs  of  a common 
humanity  and  higher  civilization,  bear  testimony  to  the  daring 
fertility  of  American  genius. 

Among  the  American  machines  of  recent  invention  was  one, 
which,  by  the  important  role  it  is  likely  to  play  in  iron  manu- 
facture and  in  the  construction  of  buildings  in  the  United  States, 
as  well  as  by  its  accuracy  of  mechanism,  early  excited  my  admi- 

•Notwithstaudiug  the  inferential  claim  on  the  British  window,  heretofore  quo  ed,  to  the  inven- 
tion of  the  application  of  steam  to  navigation,  Baron  Dupin,  the  chaiiman  and  reporter  of  the 
Jury  on  Class  8,  df  the  International  Exhibition  of  1851,  at  London,  holds  this  language  in  his 
report  on  Xavjl  Architecture,  etc.:  “Many  persons,  in  various  countries,  claim  the  honor  of 
having  first  invented  small  boats  propelled  by  steam.  But  it  is  to  the  undaunted  perseverance 
and  exertions  of  ihe  Ameiican,  Fulton,  that  is  due  the  everlasting  honor  of  having  produced  this 
revolution,  both  in  naval  archiiecture  and  in  navigation.  When  the  general  peace  took  place  in 
1814.  there  was  ijot  a single  steamship  in  the  ports  of  England;  Scoiland,  however,  had  one 
small  vessel  of  this  kind.  For  several  subsequent  years,  hteam-boats  oi  small  size,  and  with  very 
in  ignificant  engines,  were  employed  in  rivers  or  along  the  coasts,  but  the  idea  of  going  far  out 
to  sea  wi!h  them  was  very  presumptuous.  * * **  ♦ *** 

“In  181><,  however,  an  American  captain  traversed  the  Atlantic  in  a steamship,  the  Savannah, 
touching  first  at  England  and  then  proceeding  up  the  Baltic  to  St.  Petersburgh.” 


100 


ration.  I refer  to  the  “ Wickersham  l^ail  Machine,”  invented  by 
Wm.  Wickersham  of  Boston,  and  first  used,  I believe,  in  1861. 

Until  1807,  cut  nails  were  made  by  clipping  them,  one  at  a 
time,  from  a bar  of  a width  equal  to  the  intended  length  of  the 
nail;  after  which  each  piece  so  cut  was  put  into  a vise  and  the 
head  formed  by  a stroke  of  the  hammer.  About  the  time  named 
(1807)  a machine  invented  by  Jesse  Reed  of  Massachusetts,  cut 
the  nails  and  headed  them  in  one  operation,  one  at  a time ; the 
bar  being  held,  pushed  forward  and  turned  over  at  each  cut,  by 
hand.  Except  that,  I believe,  the  bar  is  fed  to  the  cutters  by  ma- 
chinery in  some  instances,  there  has  been  little  improvement  in 
the  process  of  cutting  nails,  until  the  appearance  of  Wickersham’s 
machine.  In  this  last  a sheet  of  metal  20  to  25  inches  square  is 
placed  and  a series  of  nails  cut  from  its  edge  at  one  stroke  of  the 
knives.  By  the  use  of  bed  and  moving  cutters,  and  a device  for 
shifting  the  plate  laterally,  the  nails  are  cut,  alternately  reversed 
as  to  heads  and  points.  The  nails  are  tapered  their  whole  length 
and  the  points  beveled.  The  machine  is  adjustable  to  cut  shoe 
nails  of  the  smallest  size  or  ship  spikes  weighing  f lb  each,  and 
any  size  between  these  ; using  from  3600  ft>s  per  day,  up  to  25,000 
ibs,  according  to  the  size  of  nail  cut.  They  are  termed  “finishing 
nails,”  but  there  is  no  reason  apparent  why  they  may  not  be 
safely  used  as  board  nails,  and  greatly  cheapen  the  cost  of  the 
3,000,000  kegs  of  nails,  the  250  tons  of  shoe-nails,  and  the  1500 
tons  of  ship-spikes,  annually  made  in  the  United  States.  Few, 
if  any  cut  nails  are  yet  used  in  Europe — why,  I cannot  under- 
stand. Indeed,  there  was  said  to  be  neither  a cut-nail,  a claw- 
hammer, nor  a common  hand-saw  in  Paris,  except  what  had  been 
brought  there  from  abroad,  for  purposes  connected  with  the  Ex- 
position. The  samples  of  nails  and  tacks  on  the  shelves  of  the 
Society,  are  from  the  exhibition  by  Bavaria,  and  constitute  a full 
series,  resembling  in  general  those  in  use  elsewhere  on  the  con- 
tinent. 

The  percentage  of  awards,  in  the  sixth  group,  to  Americans  is  a 
flattering  and  valuable  testimonial,  and  especially  so  when  account 
is  taken  of  the  fact,  already  alluded  to,  that  so  many  of  the  ob- 
jects were  of  recent  invention,  and  hence  appeared  -at  this  great 
international  concourse  without  the  endorsement  of  acknowledged 
popularity  at  home. 


101 


The  German  States,  France  and  Great  Britain  each  presented 
rich  otferings.  The  immense  establishments  of  the  two  latter, 
particularly,  were  out  in  full  force,  and  contested  every  inch  of 
ground  with  each  other  by  the  most  magnificent  displays.  If 
any  reader  would  comprehend  the  scope  of  these  displays,  I com- 
mend to  him  the  perusal  of  the  enumeration  of  the  principal  items 
as  they  appear  in  the  classification  on  preceding  pages  29  to  32  of 
this  report. 

It  was  in  this  group  that  occurred  the  by -play  of  a contest  with 
burglar-proof  safes,  after  considerable  diplomatic  correspondence 
between  Mr.  Herring,  of  Hew  York  city,  and  a celebrated  English 
manufacturer,  the  result  being  that  the  workmen  selected  by  Mr. 
H.  “went  through”  the  British  safe  first,  and  Mr.  H.  had  the 
pleasure  of  presenting  the  wager  (30,000  francs)  to  charities  se- 
lected by  him  in  Paris,  London  and  Washington.  Soon  after  the 
opening  of  the  Exposition,  Mr.  H.  had  placarded  one  of  his  safes, 
a very  unpretending  affair,  with  a challenge  to  the  world  for  trial 
by  either  fire  or  burglars’  tools,  and  this  was  the  only  acceptance. 

The  limit  prescribed  will  not  permit  a more  extended  reference 
to  the  contributions  in  this  important  group,  and  I pass  on  to  the 
SEYEHTH  GKOUP,  embracing  in  its  numerous  classes  Food  in  all 
stages  of  preparation. 

Whatever  else  a people  may  or  may  not  do,  they  must  eat  and 
drink.  Of  clothing  they  may  wear  much  or  none  ; of  the  arts 
they  may  practice  many  or  none  ; of  knowledge  they  may  have 
much  or  little;  but  simple  existence  demands  the  daily  nourish- 
ment of  the  physical  man,  and  the  first  human  impulse  is  to 
supply  it.  Hence,  all  climes,  all  nations  and  all  tastes,  but  the 
cannibal’s,  were  represented,  and  especially  all  nationally  char- 
acteristic dishes  and  drinks  found  a place  in  this  group.  If  there 
be  any  organized  animal  substance,  any  creeping,  crawling, 
walking,  swimming  or  flying  thing  which  somebody  does  not  eat 
under  the  idea  that  it  is  food^  I failed  to  make  a note  of  it  or  my 
knowledge  of  the  natural  history  of  the  animal  kingdom  was  too 
limited  to  enable  me  to  detect  its  absence.  More  than  that : if 
there  is  any  particular  member  of  that  kingdom  more  disgusting 
than  another  to  most  tastes,  and  not  absolutely  poisonous, 
some  tastes  seem  to  have  made  of  it  a sort  of  divinity,  and  in- 
stalled it  as  their  chief  festive  dish.  But  “ de  gustibus  non 


102 


est  disputandnm  ” ; the  Chinaman  has  as  good  a right  to  his  rat 
pies  as  the  Yankee' to  his  pumpkin. 

By  far  the  most  important  class  of  objects  in  this  group  was 
that  which  comprehended  the  cereals  and  their  mill-products,  of 
which  the  exhibition  was  complete. 

The  contribution  from  the  United  States,  of  which  the  collection 
from  this  State  formed  a very  considerable  part,  was  far  from 
adequate  to  convey  any  just  idea  of  the  cereal  productive  wealth 
of  the  country  ; nor  was  there  the  careful,  systematic  arrangement 
of  it  as  a whole,  which  characterized  the  exhibits  of  many  other 
nations.  The  samples  forwarded  by  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  seemed  to  be  in  charge  of  no  one,  and  many 
of  them  remained  in  baskets,  under  the  tables,  on  the  1st  of  Au- 
gust. Those  from  Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  this  State  were  placed  as 
favorably  as  circumstances  permitted. 

After  all,  our  exhibition  in  this  group,  rightly  viewed,  was  in 
general  accord  with  the  unsystematic,  unbuf>iness-like,  farming 
characteristic  of  a large  mass  of  American  agriculturists.  It 
served  to  demonstrate  somewhat  the  lavish  bounty  of  nature 
under  methods  of  culture  not  always  pains-taking  nor  intelligent. 
It  most  decidedly  commended  itself  as  the  laithful  exemplar  of  a 
mixed  husbandry,  the  diversity  of  which  has  its  origin  not  so  much 
in  judicious  effort  to  render  available  limited  resources,  as  is  a 
confusion  of  ideas  and  indistinctness  of  aim  consequent  on  the 
possession  of  an  over-supply  of  means.  The  housekeeper,  with 
few  rooms  and  many  servants,  has  not  the  same  excuse  for  untidi- 
ness as  though  there  were  a large  house  and  few  servants. 

A comparison  of  wheats  grown  here  with  those  of  Prussia,  Aus- 
tria, or  any  of  the  German  States,  Belgium,  France,  Spain,  Italy, 
Norway,  Sweden,  Great  Britain,  Australia  and  some  others, 
develops  at  once  the  fact  that  the  varieties  with  us  have  not  been 
kept  pure — that  they  have  been  crossed,  time  and  again,  by  culti- 
vation, until,  with  the  exception  of  those  recently  imported  and 
which  have  fallen  into  careful  hands,  there  is  much  diversity  of 
appearance  and  possibly  of  flouring  qualities  among  individual 
grains  of  what  we  esteem  a single  variety.  The  samples  before 
you  sufficiently  show  this  fact.  How  considerable,  if  any,  is  the 
real  deterioration  occasioned  by  this  mingling  of  breeds  of  wheat 
must  be  determined  by  experiment.  The  serious  feature  of  the 
matter  is  that  it  bespeaks  a carelessness  or  uiiskill fulness  of  culture 


103 


which  gives  little  promise  of  originating  new  varieties  of  perma- 
nent value  or  of  improving  old  ones. 

A comparison  of  the  product  of  wheat  culture  per  acre  with  the 
countries  named  is  far  from  flattering  to  us,  as  the  yield  in  Great 
Britain  is  about  twenty -seven  bushels,  in  France  a trifle  more 
and  in  the  others  not  less.  In  all,  however,  except  Australia,  it 
is  not  unlikely  the  cost  of  production  in  labor  and  money  (for 
manures  chiefly)  is  greater  than  in  Illinois  ; and  this,  without 
taking  into  account  the  interest  on  the  cost  of  the  land  or  the 
rent — far  less  here  than  there. 

This  difference  in  quantity  of  product  in  favor  of  the  European 
farmer,  is  secured  in  good  part  by  the  more  thorough  preparation 
of  the  soil;  by  the  application  of  special  manures ; by  drainage 
where  required;  by  careful  selection  of  the  best  seed ; by  depositing 
it  uniformly,  at  proper  depih  and  at  proper  distance  apart ; by  the 
entire  extir])aiion  of  weeds,  and  by  the  most  laborious  economy  in 
harvesting. 

In  gathering  a crop  of  wheat,  rye,  oats  or  barley  in  France,  the 
implement  used  to  cut  it  is  a common  cradle ; but  the  laborer  cuts 
around  the  piece  in  a direction  opposite  to  that  taken  by  an 
American  cradler.  The  grain,  therefore,  is  thrown  in  against  the 
standing  grain,  whence  it  is  taken,  adjusted  into  bundles  and 
bound — usually  by  women.  A sufficient  number  of  women  and 
girls  follow  to  glean,  and  so  thoroughly  is  the  work  dune  that  on 
the  imperial  farm,  at  La  Motte-Beuvron,  I had  great  difficulty  to 
pick  up  half  a dozen  heads  of  winter  oats  on  a field  from  which 
the  crop  had  been  just  taken.  What  may  happen  to  be  shelled 
out  or  overlooked  by  the  gleaners  is  gathered  by  very  obedient 
flocks  of  poultry  or  pigs,  herded  by  old  persons  or  children.  The 
straw  is  sometimes  purposely  cut  high  in  the  harvesting,  and  after- 
wards mowed  again  and  gathered  for  litter.  Thus,  absolutely, 
nothing  is  wasted  in  the  harvest-field  ; hut  the  tracks  (>f  the  wooden 
shoes  are  ahaost  as  numerous  as  the  stems  of  the  grain ; and  if  paid 
for  at  the  wages  of  the  harvest-field  in  Illinois,  the  proceeds  of  the 
crop,  at  Chicago  prices,  would  probably  be  insufficient  to  square 
the  account. 

Samples  in  the  State  collection,  contributed  by  gentlemen  of 
St.  Clair  county,  were  admired,  and  exchanged  readily. 

The  Jury  pronounced  the  fiour  contributed  by  Mr.  A.  Zeitinger, 


104 


of  Monroe  county,  Illinois,  as  a very  decidedly  good  article,  and 
excelled  by  few  in  the  Exposition. 

The  United  States  exhibition  of  Indian  Corn  had  no  rival,  nor 
anything  approaching  it,  for  quality  or  quantity.  Some  varieties 
of  this  important  grain  mature  as  far  north  as  Danzig,  in  West. 
Prussia,  where  it  is  estimated  at  its  true  value  compared  with 
other  grains.  In  a descriptive  statement,  relating  to  the  exhibi- 
tion of  cereals  and  legumes  by  the  West  Prussian  Farmers’  Union 
Experimental  Garden,  it  is  said : ‘‘  Indian  Corn  is  of  all  kinds  of 
corn  (grain),  that  which  gives  the  largest  quantity  of  food  for 
men  and  beasts ; therefore,  is  the  breeding  of  varieties  qualified 
for  the  northern  climates  of  the  greatest  importance.  Trials,  con- 
tinued during  five  years,  with  more  than  thirty  sorts  of  Indian 
Corn,  have  shown  the  forty-days’-maize  and  the  King-Philip- 
maize  as  the  most  answering  ones  to  the  climate  of  this  country. 
The  former  has  ripened  here  absolutely  every  year— early  and 
completely.  Some  maces  (ears)  of  the  latter  demanded,  in  several 
years,  still  an  artificial  drying.  In  1865  was  the  harvest  from  one 
acre  of  the  forty-days’-maize,  1,555  pounds  of  maces  (ears), 
without  integuments,  (husks),  1,166  pounds  of  straw,  (stalks) ; of 
the  King-Philip-maize,  1,272  pounds  of  maces  without  integu- 
ments, 2,215  pounds  of  straw.” 

The  most  interesting  and  perhaps  the  most  instructive  exhibi- 
tion of  maize  was  by  the  Imperial  Koyal  Academy  of  Agriculture, 
of  Altenburg,  Hungary,  embracing  morphologic  and  anatomical 
pictures  of  the  plant;  forty  microscopic  objects;  one  hundred  and 
six  varieties  in  the  ear;  specimens  showing  the  deformities  of  the 
ear  and  plant;  collection  of  insects  injurious  to  the  ear  and  plant; 
tables  showing  chemical  constitution  of  the  grains  and  composition 
of  the  ashes  of  the  grain  ; products  of  the  maize  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  animals  and  composition  of  a crop  of  green  maize  ; divers 
products  of  the  grains  and  stalks  ; tables  relating  to  its  culture  and 
use  • cuts  of  implements  of  culture  and  of  a frame  for  drying 
the  ears.  In  the  expectation  of  obtaining  a large  photographic 
copy  of  this  entire  exhibit,  I did  not  transfer  to  my  note-book  but 
a list  of  the  insects  which  attack  the  maize  in  Hungary,  as 
follows : 

1.  Stonobothrus  variaUlis,  L. ; 2.  Decticus  mrrucivorus,  L. ; 
3.  Acridium  migratorium^  L. ; 4.  Tinea  gmnella^  D. ; 5.  Tinea 
cereallela,  O.  K.;  6.  Botis  silaceatis,  Tr. ; 7.  Agrotis  tritici,  L. ; 


105 


8.  Plusia  gamma^  L. ; 9.  Agrotis  segetum,  F.  L.  b. ; 10.  Sitopbilus 
granarius^  L. ; 11.  Melolontha  vulgaris^  L. ; 12.  Melonotus 
Fabr. ; 13.  Trogosita  mauritanica. 

I am  unable  to  account  for  it,  but,  with  the  exception  of  a few 
ears  of  Indian  corn  from  Australia,  I saw  none  so  large  nor  seem- 
ingly so  free  from  attack  of  insects  as  our  own,  and  was  careful 
not  to  include  in  my  exchanges  any,  except  two  or  three  ears  from 
Italy,  and  which  have  not  been  propagated  h’om  since  they  ar- 
rived here.  I should  deem  it  fraught  with  untold  calamity  if,  by 
carelessness  or  design,  the  insects  which  depredate  on  the  maize 
plant  in  Europe  should  make  their  way  to  the  fertile  fields  and  full 
granaries  of  this  country.  I did  not  observe  a single  ear  grown 
outside  of  the  United  States,  unless  in  Australia,  which  did  not 
show  marks  on  some  of  the  grains  of  injury  by  insects. 

In  regard  to  the  cultivation  of  the  plant  or  its  uses,  nothing  of 
value,  not  well  known  here,  was  presented. 

The  Maizena,  or  fiour  of  corn,  manufactured  by  the  Glen  Cove 
Starch  Company,  of  New  York,  was  most  industriously  exhibited 
by  the  agent  for  that  company,  during  the  entire  Exposition  ; and 
as  a delicate  pudding,  garnished  with  strawberry  sauce  (a  con- 
stant dish  in  the  American  restaurant  near  by),  received  encomi- 
ums enough  from  Europeans  to  assure  its  popularity  on  their  mar- 
kets in  the  future. 

Our  samples  of  corn  were  sought  for  by  all  with  whom 
exchanges  of  seeds  and  grains  were  made,  and  by  visitors,  daily, 
from*  all  parts  of  the  world. 

A sample  of  Surprise  Oats,  grown  by  Mr.  Yan  Olinda,  of 
DeKalb  county,  Illinois,  and  belonging  to  our  State  collection, 
was  fully  the  equal  of  any  other  exhibited;  those  from  Norway 
most  nearly  resembled  it,  but  were  not  superior  in  any  manner, 
nor  could  I learn  that  crops  of  oats  gathered  elsewhere  ever 
reached  the  figure  claimed  by  Mr.  Yan  Olinda — one  hundred  and 
thirty-three  bushels  per  acre. 

Among  the  many  objects  worthy  special  study  in  this  group  I 
can  notice  only  few,  and  those  far  too  briefly. 

The  DAIRY  PRODUCTS  of  the  old  world  play  a very  import- 
ant role  in  the  nourishment  of  the  population  ; and  the  cow,  the 
sheep,  the  goat  and  even  the  ass  are  placed  under  contribution  for 
their  manufacture.  Out  of  the  magnitude  of  this  interest,  the 


106 


variance  of  conditions  and  necessities  existing  in  different  locali- 
ties, have  grown  up  a multitude  of  tastes,  prejudices  and  notions, 
so  that,  for  example,  the  richest  and  best  American  or  English 
cheese,  made  from  the  milk  of  the  finest  cows  fed  on  the  choicest 
grasses,  and  having  a fiavor  the  most  delicious  to  the  unperverted 
taste,  is  thrown  aside  by  thousands  of  epicures  for  a cheese  made 
from  goat’s  milk,  with  a pungent  scent  utterly  repelled  by  the 
natural  nose,  and  strong  enough  to  give  early  notice  of  its  pres- 
ence to  one  approaching  ; or  for  another  made  from  ewe’s  milk, 
into  the  curd  of  which  was  purposely  introduced  moulded  bread 
and  the  sporules  of  a cryptogamic  plant— the  penicellum  glaucum — 
the  cheese  when  formed  being  placed  in  cool,  moist  caves,  with 
atmospheric  conditions  best  suited  to  the  rapid  growth  of  this 
fungus,  and  not  reaching  its  most  desirable  flavor  and  richness 
until  a blue  mould  has  permeated  and  discolored  the  entire  mass. 
This  last  variety  is  made  at  Eoquefort,  Department  of  Aveyron, 
France,  and  is  extolled  as  the  ‘‘King  of  Cheeses.”  It  claims 
great  antiquity  (the  manufacture,  not  the  individual  cheese ; 
although  if  claimed  by  the  latter  it  would  be  admitted  on  sight 
without  question),  having  been  pursued  as  early  as  A.  D.  lOTO ; 
has  steadily  increased  from  an  annual  product,  in  A.  D 1800,  of 
500,000  pounds  to,  in  1866,  6,500,000  pounds,  employing  the  milk 
of  250,000  ewes,  and  selling  at  the  caves  for  about  twelve  cents 
per  pound.  The  cheese  is  exported  to  all  the  chief  cities  of  the 
world,  including  Kew  York,  where  its  admirers  pay  for  it,  usually, 
forty  cents  per  pound.  The  estimated  annual  product  derived 
from  one  ewe  well  cared  for,  whose  milk  is  used  for  cheese-making, 
is  : milk,  21  francs ; wool,  5^  francs  ; lamb,  4 francs ; total,  30^ 
francs ; not  including  the  manure,  which  is  of  the  best  quality 
and  of  considerable  value. 

I had  occasion,  as  a member  of  the  Jury,  to  examine  in  the 
Park  a miniature  dairy  for  the  production  of  the  Eoquefort  cheese, 
in  which  some  of  the  sheep  were  kept  and  milked,  the  cheeses 
made  and  treated  precisely  in  the  imitation  cellars  as  is  customary 
at  Eoquefort.  This  establishment  was  exhibited  by  the  “ Society 
of  United  Caves,”  and  received  the  award  of  a gold  medal. 

The  consumption  of  cheese  in  Europe  is  enormous  compared 
with  the  United  States.  Paris  consumes  annually  about  11,000,000 
of  pounds,  and  all  France  not  less  than  200,000,000  pounds. 
The  proprietor  of  the  English  restaurant  in  the  Exposition,  a gen- 


107 


tleman  whose  long  experience  at  the  head  of  the  profession  in 
Paris  gives  authority  to  his  opinion,  informed  me  that  a consid- 
erable quantity  of  cheese  was  imported  into  England  and  France, 
from  the  United  States,  of  a quality  quite  equal  to  the  best 
English,  and  which,  in  many  instances,  could  not  be  distinguished 
from  it. 

I did  not  see,  or  rather  taste,  a particle  of  Butter  which  was 
not  palatable,  though  not  always  high-flavored,  during  my  stay ; 
nor  did  I taste  any  which  had  been  perceptibly  salted  by  the 
maker.  It  was  all  thoroughly  worked,  and  so  pure  as  to  retain  its 
original  soundness  a long  time  in  that  climate.  About  two  or 
three  per  cent,  of  sea  salt  is  generally  added  in  the  course  of  the 
many  workings  and  washings  it  is  subjected  to,  but  very  little 
flavor  of  the  salt  is  left.  Melted  hutter^  as  it  is  called,  is  made  by 
heating  it  either  over  an  open  Are  or  putting  the  vessel  contain- 
ing it  into  another  in  which  water  is  boiling,  skimming  it  as  the 
scum  rises,  allowing  the  remaining  impurities  to  settle,  and  then 
drawing  ofi*  the  clarifled  butter  into  stone  jars ; when  cooled  it 
becomes  quite  solid.  The  price  varies  from  twenty-flve  to  sev- 
enty-flve  cents  per  pound,  and  the  city  of  Paris  alone  consumes, 
ordinarily,  about  $5,000,000  worth  annually.  I have  eaten  both 
butter  and  cheese  made  in  northern  Illinois  fully  equal,  in  point  of 
flavor  and  richness,  to  any  I tasted  at  the  English,  French,  Ger- 
man or  other  restaurants  at  the  Exposition  or  elsewhere. 

One  of  the  chief  products  exhibited  in  this  class  was  WINE. 
This  subject  is  fully  reported  on  by  Messrs.  Wilder,  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Thompson,  of  New  York,  and  Flagg,  of  Ohio,  United 
States  Commissioners.  Their  report  has  already  been  published, 
and  the  wine-makers  of  this  country  have  received  the  benefit  of 
their  suggestions.  Of  late  the  most  important  developments  re- 
lating to  processes  for  the  preservation  of  wine,  have  resulted, 
from  investigations  by  M.  Pasteur,  undertaken  by  him  in  1863, 
at  the  request  of  the  Emperor,  and  concluded  in  1865.  Having 
nearly  5,000,000  acres  in  vineyards,  producing  annually  about 
1,315,000,000  of  gallons  of  wine,  of  an  average  value  of  nearly 
$100,000,000,  and  exporting  of  wines  and  brandy  distilled  from 
the  grape,  a value  of  about  $80,000,000  annually,  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  some  alarm  should  have  seized  upon  the  Govern- 
ment of  France  when  it  was  found  there  was  serious  danger  of 


108 


losing  their  foreign  market  for  wines  by  reason^of  changes  even 
the  best  samples  underwent  when  subjected  to  the  elevation  of 
temperature  and  unskillful  handling,  unavoidable  in  shipping  them 
to  foreign  parts.  To  the  discovery  of  the  “diseases,”  as  they  were 
called,  and  the  remedy,  M.  Pasteur,  of  Paris,  addressed  himself 
and,  as  his  report  shows,  with  entire  success. 

The  alterations  and  deteriorations  were  found,  by  a series  ol 
the  most  guarded  experiments  and  careful  microscopic  observa- 
tions, to  proceed  from  the  presence  of  vegetable  parasites,  spon- 
taneously produced  in  the  different  varieties  of  the  wine  whenever 
the  conditions  favored ; no  varieties,  from  the  mn  ordinaire  to 
the  very  finest,  were  exempt.  He  says  “it  is  necessary  to  consider 
wine  as  an  organic  infusion,  of  a particular  composition.  All  in- 
fusions give  an  asylum  to  some  organized  microscopic  beings. 
Wine  acts  in  the  same  manner.  Such  is  the  origin  of  the  spon- 
taneous alterations  to  which  it  is  subject.”*  He  repudiates  the 
empirical  “ remedies  ” sometimes  used,  such  as  the  addition  of 
resinous  pitch,  as  the  Greeks  and  Pomaiis  made,  or  of  sugar,  or 
alcohol,  or  sulphurous  acid  gas,  neither  of  which  is  efficacious,  and 
all  are  otherwise  objectional.  In  the  course  of  his  researches  he, 
himself,  experimented  with  substances  inodorous  and  inexpen- 
sive, which,  like  sulphurous  acid,  possessed  strongly  de-ox- 
idizing  properties,  but  was  entirely  unsuccessful  until  he  fell  upon 
the  remedy  he  thus  announces:  “To  destroy  all  vitality  in  the 
germs  of  the  parasites  of  the  wines  it  suffices  to  bring  the  wine 
for  some  instants  to  a temperature  of  50  to  60  degrees  (centi- 
grade = 144  to  172  deg.  Fahrenheit).  I have  observed,  moreover, 
that  by  this  preliminary  operation  the  wine  is  never  altered.” 
The  wine  may  be  heated  either  in  bottles  or  in  the  cask  by  im- 
mersion in  a tank  of  water  at  the  boiling  point,  or,  in  casks,  by 
the  insertion  of  a coil,  through  which  steam  is  passed.  Plans  of 
cases  for  holding  the  bottles  and  for  all  the  details  in  conducting 
the  operation  are  given.  There  is,  seemingly,  neither  difficulty 
nor  considerable  expense  necessary  to  prepare  wine  in  this  man- 
ner, so  that  it  will  be  proof  against  deterioration  or  change  of  any 
sort. 

I have  thus  briefly  stated  the  points  decided  by  M.  P.  so  that 
those  who  care  to  do  so  can  pursue  the  subject  further.  I believe 
the  Longworth  Wine  Company  and,  perhaps,  others  have  already 

• Etudes  Sot  le  Vin— par  M.  Pasteur,  Membre  de  I’lnstitut,  Paris,  1866. 


109 


adopted  the  practice  recommended  of  heating  their  wines,  or  have 
at  least  experimented,  with  a view  to  test  its  efficacy. 

For  some  reason  the  wines  contributed  to  the  State  collection 
from  Hancock  county,  probably  as  good  as  any  of  their  class  in 
this  State  or  elsewhere,  were  found,  on  examination  by  the  juries, 
to  have  undergone  a change  which  seriously  affected  their  value, 
and  this,  as  well  in  those  which  were  sealed  with  wax,  as  in  those 
simply  corked,  though  not  quite  to  the  same  extent,  perhaps,  in 
the  former.  If  I remember  correctly  no  wines  from  the  United. 
States — and  there  was  a large  exhibition  by  the  Longworth  "Wine 
Company  and  others — received  a higher  recognition  than  an  “hon_ 
orable  mention but  my  impression  is  the  French  taste  es- 
pecially rejected  them  as  table  wines  because  of  the  presence  of 
too  much  alcohol.  While  nearly  everybody  in  Western  Conti- 
nental Europe  drinks  wine  every  day,  there  is  neither  a public 
opinion  which  will  tolerate,  nor  seemingly  an  individual  taste  that 
cultivates  intoxication.  60,000,000  gallons  is  about  the  quantity 
annually  consumed  in  Paris.  In  1867  there  were  probably  not 
less  than  100,000,000  gallons  drank  there,  the  excess  being  during 
the  Exposition ; yet,  in  five  months,  I did  not  see  more  than  half 
a dozen  persons  intoxicated,  and  a fair  proportion  of  that  number 
were  Americans.  The  explanation  of  this^  to  my  mind,  is  the 
abundance  and  low  price  of  light  table  wines.  Common  claret  is 
sold  from  first  hands  at  six  to  ten  cents  per  gallon. 

There  is,  however,  a class  of  wines  manufactured  for  the  Amer- 
ican market  very  extensively,  which  do  not  assume  a very  high 
rank  at  home.  At  Chalons-on-the-Marne  I visited  one  cellar 
owned  by  Messrs.  Jacquesson  & Son,  which  is  about  1,100  feet 
by  1,150  feet,  cut  into  a chalk  bluff,  has  some  2,000  feet  of  rail- 
way, with  turn-tables,  enabling  an  ordinary  locomotive  to  pass  in 
and  out  with  cars  attached,  and,  when  I was  there,  contained 
5,000,000  bottles  of  champagne  wine,  destined  for  consumption  in 
this  country.  After  bottling,  the  wine  remains  in  the  cellar  about 
three  years,  during  which  time  there  is  a loss  from  bursting  of 
five  to  fifteen  cent,  although  the  temperature  is  maintained  at  ten 
degrees  centigrade  (fifty  degrees  Fahrenheit)  the  year  round,  with 
scarcely  perceptible  variation. 

In  the  examination  by  the  Jury  of  apparatus  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  wine,  the  most  notable  improvement  of  recent  date  was  the 
use,  in  the  fermentation,  of  a tub  divided  into  six  stories,  by  open 


110 


frame  partitions  placed  horizontally,  at  equal  distances  from  the 
bottom,  from  the  top  and  from  each  other,  the  under  side  of  each 
dividing  frame  being  covered  with  coarse  linen,  permitting  the 
free  circulation  of  the  liquid  and  gases,  but  confining  the  solid 
parts  of  the  grapes,  which  are  equally  divided  in  layers  between 
the  five  lower  spaces,  nothing  but  the  liquid  being  in  the  upper. 
It  is  stated  that  the  solid  portions,  during  fermentation  in  an 
ordinary  tub,  remain  at  the  top;  that  in  consequence  of  this  the 
temperature  at  the  top  is  about  fifteen  degrees  (centigrade)  higher 
than  at  the  bottom ; that,  therefore,  the  fermentation  is  more  active 
and  rapid  above  than  below,  and  is  thus  prolonged  to  the  injury 
of  the  wine  product  because  of  the  absorption  of  alcohol  by  the 
solid  portions ; that  the  distribution  of  the  crushed  fruit  through- 
out the  entire  mass  by  means  of  the  stories  in  the  tub,  renders  fer- 
mentation mere  active,  therefore  completing  it  in  shorter  time,  and 
hence  preventing  the  undue  absorption  of  the  alcohol  by  the  solid 
parts;  imparts  a better  color  to  the  wine  by  preserving  a uniform 
temperature  and  agitation  during  the  period  of  fermentation, 
which  continues  not  more  than  four  and  a half  days,  when  the 
surrounding  temperature  is  not  below  fifteen  degrees  (centigrade). 
The  inventor  is  M.  Michel  Ferret,  of  Tullins,  President  of  the 
Agricultural  Society  of  St.  Marcellin,  Department  of  Isere, 
France,  to  whom  the  Jury  awarded  a silver  medal  and  object  of 
art. 

Of  MALT  LIQUOKS  there  was  an  exhibition  corresponding 
to  the  magnitude  of  the  brewery  interest  and  the  well  known 
fondness  of  Europeans  for  such  beverages.  In  1865  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  consumed,  per  head  of  the  whole  population^  about 
twenty-three  gallons;  that  is,  a population  in  England,  Wales, 
Scotland  and  Ireland  of  29,070,000  (census  of  1861)  retained  for 
home  consumption,  in  1865,  684,000,000  gallons  of  beer,  besides 
27,737,000  gallons  of  spirits  and  11,994,000  gallons  of  wine— the 
last  imported  chiefly. 

I have  not  the  statistics  of  beer  consumption  in  the  German 
States.  It  is  an  accredited  statement,  however,  that  in  the  city  of 
Munich  more  beer  is  drank  daily  than  the  quantity  of  water  used 
by  the  inhabitants  per  day,  for  all  purposes  except  in  the  manu- 
facture of  beer.  The  Y ienna  beer  enjoys  a reputation  beyond  any 
other ; and  the  Austrian  restaurant  in  the  Park,  supplied  every 


Ill 


day  direct  from  a Yieiina  brewery,  was  a popular  resort,  during 
the  Exposition,  for  all  visitors  who  feared  to  drink  water  away 
from  home ; when  drank  while  tasting  the  most  delicious 
bread  in  the  world,  baked  in  the  adjoining  Austrian  bakerj^,  it 
seemed  to  be  entirely  acceptable.  Malt  liquors  are  gradually  ex- 
tending their  dominion  even  in  some  of  the  best  wine  districts  of 
France,  and  stoutly  contending  in  the  popular  market  for  the 
mastery  with  wine  and  cider. 

I could  not  learn  %ohy  it  is  that  better  beer  is  manufactured  at 
Vienna  than  elsewhere ; but  there  is  no  secret  made  of  the  pro- 
cesses employed. 

Of  drinks  in  general  it  was  notable,  on  a comparison  of  the 
American  restaurant  in  the  United  States’  section  with  those  of 
other  nations,  that,  for  variety  of  component  parts,  of  flavors,  of 
modes  of  serving  and  style,  and,  especially,  for  eftectiveness  at 
long  range,  the  American  beverages  occupied  the  very  front  rank. 
Many  an  appreciating  Frenchman,  a phlegmatic  German,  a sensi- 
tive Italian,  or  an  unimpressible  Uriton  here  took  his  first  lesson 
in  mixed  liquors,  and  drew  through  a straw  his  first  impressions 
of  a mysterious  art  wholly  unpracticed  in  old  Europe,  except  in 
the  mild  form  of  the  Englishman’s  ‘‘  ’alf  and  ’alf.”  The  American 
Soda-fountain  gave  the  first  taste  of  ice-cream-soda  to  thirsting 
thousands,  and  established  a popularity  quite  equal  to  that  enjoyed 
at  home. 

EIGHTH  GHOUP. — Animals  and  specimens  of  agricultural 
establishments. 

Reversing  the  order  I merely  remark  in  regard  to  agricultural 
establishments  that,  while  there  were  models  of  complete  dairies 
and  other  structures  suited  to  special  branches  of  rural  industry  in 
Europe,  I observed  none,  either  in  general  arrangement  or  special 
device,  superior  to  those  of  the  better  class  in  this  country,  while 
every  one  of  them  was  constructed  on  a plan  forbidding  their  gen- 
eral adoption  here,  i.  e.^  the  family  of  the  laborer  or  person  in 
charge  occupied  an  apartment  in  close  proximity  to  the  domestic 
animals  and  under  the  same  roof.  If  there  be  an  American  preju- 
dice in  rural  economy  wholly  insurmountable,  it  is  that  which 
separates  entirely  the  family  dwelling  from  the  farmer’s  barns, 
stables  and  pens.  It  is  impossible  to  divest  the  American  mind 
of  the  idea  that  only  a low  grade  of  civilization  will  tolerate  a 


112 


proximity  of  the  human  and  brute  creation  so  close  and  so  con- 
stant as  rural  life  in  Europe  almost  everywhere  exacts,  if  not  from 
the  ‘‘  proprietors  ” at  least  from  the  families  in  their  employ. 

There  is  one  invariable  feature,  however,  which  should  be  imi- 
tated here — the  provision  for  saving  in  cisterns  all  liquid  manure 
and  of  composting  the  solid  portions  with  any  other  refuse  fertil- 
izing material  the  farm  may  afford.  For  a]'>plication  on  partially 
or  wholly  exhausted  lands,  pound  for  pound  barn-yard  manure  is 
worth  double  the  value  of  any  other  substance,  and  the  farmer 
who,  anywhere  but  in  this  virgin  country,  would  feed  his  stock  on 
“dry  points,”  from  which  the  rains  carry  all  the  droppings  to  a 
stream  near  by,  would  very  soon  cease  to  have  anything  to  feed. 

If  those  who  are  so  improvident  could  but  witness  the  almost 
painful  anxiety  of  the  farmers  of  the  old  world  to  husband  every 
particle  of  every  substance  that  may  perchance  add  another  grain 
to  their  harvest,  and  observe,  too,  their  elaborate  and  ingenious 
devices  to  guard  against  any  waste  of  the  precious  material,  I am 
sure  it  would  have  a reformatory  effect  on  their  practice. 

If  only  the  cities  and  villages  of  Europe  should  cease  to  return 
to  the  fields  and  gardens  of  the  country  their  manurial  products 
for  one  or  two  years  at  most,  the  result  would  certainly  be  wide- 
spread famine,  and  so  closely  are  these  utilized  that,  but  for  the 
noxious  and  valueless  refuse  of  factories  along  its  banks,  the  waters 
of  the  Seine,  after  fiowing  for  six  miles  through  the  midst  of  a 
population  of  2,000,000,  would  pass  on  to  the  ocean,  for  all  that, 
almost  as  pure  as  a mountain  brook.  Processes  by  which  the 
most  offensive  matter  is  instantaneously  deodorized  enable  large  es- 
tablishments in  the  heart  of  the  city  to  receive  and  transform  into 
inodorous  packages,  for  commerce,  what  would  otherwise  have  to 
be  saved  in  a more  obtrusive  manner. 

All  good  farm  steadings  I saw  in  France  are  square  or  rectang- 
ular, of  dimensions  suited  to  the  wants  of  the  farm  ; the  dwell- 
ing, stables  and  structures  for  stock  of  all  kinds  forming  a con- 
tinuous line  and  facing  inward.  In  the  middle  is  a square,  un- 
covered lot  of  corresponding  size,  surrounded  by  a stone  or  brick 
wall ; the  bottom  of  the  lot  paved  usually,  or  cemented  with 
water  lime  or  otherwise  rendered  impervious  to  water,  and  sloping 
regularly  from  all  sides  to  a cistern  in  the  centre,  in  which  is 
placed  a pump.  The  manure  from  the  stables,  pens,  poultry- 
house,  etc.,  is  daily  deposited  in  this  lot,  the  liquid  manure  some- 


THE  AMERICAN  COTTAGE. 


113 


times  being  drained  in  pipes  into  this  cistern,  and  sometimes  col- 
lected in  others  in  the  stables.  Eegnlarly  the  deposits  in  the  lot 
are  wet.  down  from  the  central  cistern  by  means  of  the  pnmp 
with  hose  attached,  and  gradually  prepared  for  carting  to  the  fields. 
The  liquid  manure  is  carted  out  in  casks  furnished  with  sprink- 
ling apparatus,  and  is  usually  applied  to  the  meadows  or  crops  of 
growing  vegetables. 

The  AMERICAN  COTTAGE,  forming  part  of  the  Illinois 
State  collection,  as  before  stated,  was  one  of  the  Agricultural 
Establishments  on  Champ  de  Mars.  The  Jury  reported  in  regard 
to  it  as  follows : 

“It  does  not  enter  into  our  plan  to  speak  of  those  houses  which  are  exclusively 
within  the  domain  of  speculation,  but  we  cannot  consider  the  building  exhibited 
by  the  United  States  as  belonging  to  that  class,  inasmuch  as  constructions  of  this 
kind  may  be  the  basis  of  extensive  operations  and  are  destined  particularly  to 
assist  in  colonizing  those  parts  of  North  America  still  uncultivated  and  uninhabited 
on  account  of  this,  therefore  they  have  a tendency  eminently  useful  and  philan- 
thropic. 

The  model  placed  in  the  park  of  the  Champ  de  Mars,  was  built  at  Chicago,  by 
Lyman  Bridges,  and  sent  to  Europe  in  the  same  condition  as  is  customary  for  these 
houses  to  be  sent  by  builders  to  the  farmers  and  "others  who  order  them.  By  the 
provisions  of  the  homestead  law  of  the  United  States,  the  new  settler  receives  a 
grant  of  160  acres  of  land,  the  fertility  of  which  is  such,  that  with  moderate  labor, 
he  can  raise  almost  immediately,  the  most  remunerative  products,  which  will  enable 
him  soon  to  pay  for  a house. 

With  this  state  of  things  the  farmer  and  new  settler  finds  little  difficulty  in 
securing  from  the  principal  cities  of  the  West  and  particularly  in  Chicago,  a house 
similar  to  the  specimen  exhibited,  upon  easy  terms.  Very  limited  resources  are 
sufficient,  undt  r these  circumstances,  for  undertaking  the  cultivation  of  a farm,  and 
thanks  to  the  house  which  can  be  procured  so  promptly,  the  settler  escapes  the  pri- 
vations to  which  he  otherwise  would  be  exposed,  at  least  at  the  commencement  of 
his  undertaking. 

The  price  of  a house  of  this  kind  can  be  raised  from  |500  (2,500  francs,)  to 
$1,500  (7,500  francs).  That  exhibited  at  the  Champ  de  Mars,  is  at  the  latter  price, 
and  is  sufficiently  commodious  and  comfortable  and  of  very  pleasing  design. 

It  is  composed  of  three  sections  on  the  ground  floor,  which  form  a kitchen,  a 
dining  room  and  a parlor;  there  are  also  three  bed  rooms  in'the  second  story. 

The  out  houses  are  entirely  independent,  and  are  generally  placed  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  dwelling. 

The  house  is  made  entirely  of  pine  lumber,  which  can  be  obtained  at  a low  price 
in  that  country;  and  all  the  parts,  sunfi  as  the  rafters  and  carpentry  work,  are  of 
the  most  simple  construction,  so  as  to  allow  it  to  be  rapidly  made  in  the  work-shop 
and  easily  placed  upon  the  site  determined  upon. 

By  this  arrangement  the  house  in  the  Champ  de  Mars  was  built,  delivered  to  the 
railroad  company,  carried  to  New  York,  near  1,000  miles,  and  shipped  upon  the 


15 


IM 


steamer  for  transportation  to  Europe,  in  12  days  from  the  day  the  order  was  given 
for  its  construction. 

The  number  of  dwellings  similar  to  this  in  Chicago  and  the  other  portions  of 
Illinois  and  the  neighboring  States,  is  becoming  very  numerous,  and  although  the 
object  for  which  this  work  has  been  undertaken  has  been  to  supply  a need  alto- 
gether local,  yet  the  results  have  become  important  and  none  the  less  interesting. 

The  most  striking;  fact  is  that  the  great  increase  of  the  population  in  these  new 
localities  has  created  a large  and  growing  demand  for  this  and  similar  buildings, 
which  in  itself  indicates  the  value  of  a development  of  such  an  industry,  and  illus- 
trates also  the  great  facility  with  which  comfortable  homes  are  secured  upon  the 
fertile  and  inviting  lands  of  the  new  States  of  North  America.” 

The  Farmer’s  Home  was  installed  in  the  Park  of  the  Exposi- 
tion, among  the  spacious  and  elegant  palaces  of  the  sovereigns  of 
Europe,  near  and  adjacent  to  the  free  common  school  house; 
constituting  the  American  Quarter  in  the  Park,  and  the  centre  of 
attraction  for  the  curious  and  interested  from  all  portions  of  the 
world. 

The  books,  maps,  newspapers,  and  all  other  printed  matter  be- 
longing to  the  State  Collection,  were  there  deposited  under  the 
guardianship  of  a young  American  of  Italian  nativity,  who  had 
served  the  country  during  the  late  war,  and  whose  knowledge  of 
modern  languages  and  general  intelligence,  well  fitted  him  for 
the  position. 

DOMESTIC  ANIMALS. — The  recent  prevalence  of  the  rin- 
derpest, operated  to  limit  the  exhibition  of  Cattle  almost  entirely 
to  France.  Neither  were  there  many  specimens  of  horses  or 
other  stock  exhibited  by  other  than  the  French  people.  Nev- 
ertheless, there  were  exhibited  some  of  almost  every  race  of  do- 
mestic animals,  and  either  at  the  exhibition  at  Billancourt,  or  in 
the  country,  I had  an  opportunity  to  see  them  all,  and  shall  speak 
of  them  in  general  terms  without  unnecessary  detail. 

And  first.  Horses.  The  only  French  breed  possessing  pecu_ 
liar  merit  is  the  Percheron,  of  which  the  General  Omnibus  Com- 
pany of  Paris  use  9,Y50,  most  if  not  all  stallions,  I believe.* 

•From  January  1 to  June  30,  1867,  this  Company  did  business  as  follows: 


Omnibuses  per  day 750 

Horses 9,750 

Trips 1,120 

Velocity  per  hour 12  Kilometers. 

Distance  traveled  by  each  horse  per  day 15.50  “ 

Passengers  per  carriage  and  per  day 436 

Total  number  of  passengers  in  six  months 59,310,000 

Total  receipts  for  fare 11,307,000  francs. 


In  ordinary  years,  the  number  of  passengers  carried  in  twelve  months  is  about  80,000,000.  I 
am  indebted  for  the  above  figures  to  M.  Mille,  chief  engineer  of  highways  and  bridges,  Paris. 


115 


The  work  performed  by  these  horses  will  be  realized  when  it 
is  remembered  that  ordinarily  two  of  them  are  hitched  to  a two- 
story  ’bus  with  26  places  for  passengers,  11  inside  and  12  on  top, 
and  that  including  the  driver  and  conductor,  they  take  28  persons 
up  hill  and  down,  over  the  hard  pavements  of^the  city,  at  a steady 
trot.  They  are  almost  uniformly  gray ; of  an  average  weight  of 
1150  to  1200  pounds ; generally  about  15  hands  3 inches  or  16 
hands  high;  plainly  formed,  without  pretension  to  special  beauty 
or  graceful  action ; clean,  flat,  bony  and  sinewy  limbs ; eye  not 
usually  very  full;  patient,  but  spirited  enough  for  ordinary  work; 
hardy  and  long-lived;  altogether,  except  in  color,  they  come  up 
to  the  standard  of  a first-rate  horse-of  all-work.  They  show  a 
strong  resemblance,  in  some  respects,  to  the  l^orman  horses 
brought  to  this  country  from  F ranee,  and  are  doubtless  related  to 
them ; but  rarely  have  as  much  length  of  hair  on  the  fetlocks  and 
are  usually  more  active.  I have  seen  descendants  from  the  old 
I^orman  horse,  “Napoleon,”  at  our  Fair,  which  would  probably 
pass  for  the  true  Fercheron  in  Ferche. 

Of  horses,  distinctly  trotters^  the  only  European  family  is  the 
Orloff^  of  Russian  origin.  The  celebrated  stallion,  “ Bedouin,” 
from  Moscow,  a competent  American  trainer  told  me,  was  nearly 
or  quite  the  equal  of  Dexter.  Several  others  of  the  same  family 
were  present,  and  attracted  much  attention.  This  breed  is  made 
up  of  fortunate  crosses  of  the  English,  Arabian  and  other 
stocks.  The  stallion  referred  to  is  black,  but  there  is  no  distin- 
guishing color  to  the  family. 

Of  all  the  other  varieties  of  horses  which  have  any  more  than 
a local  celebrity,  except  perhaps  the  Scotch  Clydesdale  and  the 
Cleveland  Bays,  there  are  plenty  of  specimens  in  the  United 
States,  from  the  English  thorough-bred  and  Liverpool  draft-horse, 
through  all  the  intermediate  grades,  to  the  monkey’s  favorite 
Shetland  pony. 

Horned  Cattle. — The  stability,  the  almost  immobility  of  Euro- 
pean communities,  their  limited  intercourse,  social  and  commer- 
cial, prior  to  the  railroad  era,  had  for  result  the  development  of  a 
race  of  cattle  suited  to  the  conditions  of  agriculture  and  necessities 
of  the  population  in  districts  of  country  often  quite  limited  in  extent. 
Naturally,  the  inhabitants,  taking  whatever  sort  of  stock  they 
might  originally  possess,  would  select  and  retain  for  propagation, 
such  individual  animals  as  best  suited  their  special  needs,  begin- 


IlG 


niDg  at  an  early  day  to  breed  in-and-in,  until  within  a few  years 
they  must  have  had  in  each  restricted  locality  a race  of  animals 
homogeneous  in  appearance  and  of  qualities  uniform  and  firmly 
fixed.  Contiuuing  this  for  many  generations,  each  race  must  liave 
assumed  all  the  characteristics  of  a distinct  breed  as  we  find  them 
to-day.  Hence  in  Western  Europe,  alone,  are  found  the  Dur- 
ham, Hereford,  Devon,  Alderney,  Jersey,  Ayrshire,  Argylesliire, 
Welsh,  Irish,  Brittany,  Morvan,  Charolaise,  Jurassian,  Limousian, 
G-arronnaise,  Hollandaise,  Hormande,  Yendean,  Aubrac,  Gascon, 
Flemish,  Picard,  Marche,  Auvergnat,  Lourdaise,  Parthenaise, 
Tarentaise,  Bazadaise,  Comtoise,  Swiss,  Holstein,  Jutland,  Ton- 
dern,  Marsch,  Wilster,  Angeln  and  others.  Specimens  of  nearly 
all  these  were  exhibited  by  French  proprietors,  as  pure  breeds. 
After  looking  at  them  with  some  care,  and  obtaining  whatever 
reliable  information  I could  in  regard  to  such  as  we  do  not  know 
all  about  here,  I feel  some  confidence  in  expressing  the  opinion 
that,  taking  everything  into  account,  the  Durham  has  no  equal 
for  beef,  the  Devon  for  work,  or  the  Ayrshire  for  quantity  of 
milk;  that  for  quality  of  milk,  the  Alderney,  Jersey  and  Brittany 
are  of  about  equal  merit.  I am  aware  the  Hereford  contends  in 
some  localities  with  the  Durham  for  beef  and  with  the  Devon  for 
work,  but  I think  maintains  a very  unequal  contest.  The  popular 
verdict  has  settled  the  question  in  England,  where  reputable 
breeders  of  the  Durham  rarely  fail  to  sell  every  surplus  animal 
for  breeding  purposes,  while  a large  per  cent,  of  the  Ilerefords 
go  direct  to  the  shambles;  and  this,  too,  in  the  face  of  the  fact 
that  the  number  of  Durhams  reared,  largely  exceeds  the  number 
of  Ilerefords.  The  Normande  race,  in  the  hands  of  Comte  de 
Kergolay  of  Canisy,  France,  is  claimed  to  combine  in  a remark- 
able degree  excellent  milking  qualities  with  superior  aptitude  to 
take  on  flesh;  and  in  view  of  his  successful  efforts  in  this  direc- 
tion, the  Jury  awarded  to  the  exhibitor  a Gold  Medal. 

At  the  Imperial  Model  Farm  of  Vincennes,  where  100  cows 
are  kept  for  milking  and  the  sale  of  the  product  in  Paris,  the 
varieties  are  Ayrshire,  Brittany,  Swiss,  Norinande  and  Flemish, 
which,  as  Mr.  Tisserand  informed  me,  taking  into  account  the 
food  consumed,  rank  for  quantity  of  milk  in  the  order  I have 
named  them. 

One  Gold  Medal  and  nine  of  Silver  were  awarded  by  the  Jury 
to  gentlemen  in  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Grand 


117 


Duchy  of  Baden,  Wurtemburg,  Hesse  and  Grand  Duchy  of  Lux- 
emburg, for  measures  taken  by  them  to  prevent  the  spread  of 
tlie  “contagious  typhus”  (rinderpest)  among  horned  cattle,  in 
their  respective  localities;  the  measures  consisting  chiefly  of  regu- 
lations to  prevent  the  introduction  of  stock  from  the  infected  dis- 
tricts. 

Sheep. — In  speaking  of  Wool  on  preceding  pages,  I mentioned 
what  was  supposed  to  be  of  practical  importance  to  us  of  the  West 
so  far  as  the  production  of  the  fleece  is  concerned  and  the  ameli- 
oration of  our  common  breeds  of  sheep  to  that  end. 

For  mutton  ot'  fine  cpialit}^,  the  English  Southdown  heads  the 
list  wherever  known ; although  I saw  and  tasted  at  LaMotte- 
Beauvron,  a formidable  rival  in  a cross  of  that  breed  with  the  native 
breed  of  Sologne.  The  latter  is  a small,  game-looking  ,animal, 
with  dusky  colored,  bare  legs  and  face,  short,  coarse  wool,  easily 
kept  on  the  shortest  herbage,  very  hardy,  and  with  flesh  of  most 
delicious  flavor.  The  cross  retains  much  of  the  game  a|)pearance 
of  the  one,  while  partaking  of  the  greater  size  and  scpiarer  form 
of  the  other. 

For  mutton  and  valuable  wool,  the  Leicester  (improved)  of  Eng- 
land, takes  the  first  rank,  though,  like  the  pure  Southdown,  must 
have  abundant  food  and  proper  care.  Among  the  Merino  family 
the  divisions  made  in  awarding  prizes  were : Ramhouillet^  wrinkled^ 
not  wrinkled^  ^nixed^  Negretti  and  silky -Mauchamp. 

If  there  be  a race  of  domestic  animals  indispensable  to  agricul- 
ture on  old  and  partially  exhausted  lands,  it  is  sheep.  In  all 
judicious  efforts  to  reclaim  worn-out  soils,  some  varieties  of  this 
race,  for  their  ability  to  thrive  where  cattle  or  hogs  would  starve, 
and  for  the  comparatively  rich  returns  they  make  for  the  food 
and  care  bestowed  upon  them,  are  regarded  as  of  the  very  first 
importance. 

Hons. — For  everything  desirable  in  this  “best  of  all  assirnila- 
tors,”  the  English  breeds  are  confessedly  before  all  others  in 
Europe.  Starting  with  a cross  of  the  Chinese  to  secure  fattening 
qualities,  intelligent  selection  and  subsequent  crossing  have  pro- 
duced at  least  one  good  and  distinct  variety  in  almost  every  shire 
in  England.  These  have  been  transported  to  the  continent  of 
Europe  as  they  have  been  to  America,  and  form  the  elements  of 
every  good  race  they  or  we  have.  The  Berkshire,  Yorkshire, 
Suffolk  and  Middlesex  are  most  esteemed  in  France. 


118 


Poultry. — The  show  was  very  large,  but  no  description  would 
be  intelligible  without  cuts  of  the  birds.  1 observed  about  thirty 
distinct  breeds  of  chickens,  among  which  the  Creve  Coeur,  La 
rieche,  Houdan,  Padua,  Bantam,  Dorking,  Hamburg,  Brama- 
Pootra,  Black  Spanish  and  some  varieties  of  the  Game  were  most 
conspicuous. 

Dogs. — This  to  me  was  the  most  curious  exhibition  at  Billam 
court.  Some  twenty  odd  breeds  were  represented — all  pure  and 
distinct,  except  in  cases  where  it  was  being  attempted  to  form  an 
improved  one  by  crossing.  Earel^^  is  a mongrel  or  “ cur  of  low 
degree  ” found  in  the  old  countries.  Beared  for  special  service, 
each  race  is  generally  preserved  without  alloy. 

From  large  packs  of  hounds,  or  the  immense  Danish  mastiff, 
down  to  the  six  ounce  poodle  on  its  silk  cushion  in  glass  case,  all 
the  varieties  of  hunting,  watch,  useful  and  fancy  dogs  were  there. 
For  intelligence,  the  “artist’s  companion,”  the  caniche,  a sort  of 
spaniel,  often  seen  as  the  “performing  dog”  in  traveling  shows, 
seems  to  excel.  The  whole  collection  to  me,  however,  had  little 
interest,  as,  except  the  terrier  and  shepherd,  civilization  could  well 
spare  them,  poodle  and  all. 

The  HIISTTH  GKOUP. — This  country  may  congratulate  itself 
on  having  sent  as  Commissioners,  the  gentlemen  who  had  the 
cultivated  taste  and  sound  judgment  to  appreciate  the  wondrous 
wealth  of  horticultural  display,  which  presented  itself  at  the 
Exposition.  The  genial  and  enthusiastic  Mr.  Wilder,  the  noted 
practical  nurseryman  Mr.  Barry,  and  the  discriminating  pomolo- 
gist,  Mr.  Thompson,  fairly  reveled  in  the  delights  of  the  Eeserved 
Garden  in  the  Park,  of  the  Experimental  Grounds  at  Billancourt, 
and  of  their  professional  visit  to  the  home  of  the  vine  at  Johan- 
nisberg,  where  they  tasted  “nectar  fit  for  the  gods” — and  they 
return  richly  laden  with  the  fruits  of  their  observations,  to  share 
them  with  their  horticultural  brethren  of  the  East,  West,  North 
and  South.  I might  therefore  well  be  excused  for  entire  silence 
in  regard  to  the  exhibition  in  this  Group. 

Up  to  186Y,  singularly  enough.  Horticulturists  had  never  been 
invited  to  participate  in  International  Exhibitions.  In  such  a 
paradise  of  horticulture  as  France,  the  Industrial  Exposition  of 
’55  must  have  seemed  strangely  deficient  in  failing  to  provide  for" 
a display  of  the  riches  of  an  art  that  covers  the  scars  of  the  em- 


AMERICAN  PRIMARY  SCHOOL  IIOITSE, 


119 


pire  with,  a mantle  of  beauty.  As  though  to  make  amends  for 
past  neglect,  the  programme  of  the  hlinth  Group  contemplated 
the  fullest  possible  encouragement  in  every  department.  The 
response  which  came  in  the  form  of  contributions  from  the  horti- 
culturists of  France,  Holland  and  Belgium,  particularly,  and  the 
immense  satisfaction  it  afforded  to  all  visitors,  testify  to  the  wis- 
dom of  the  proceeding. 

Like  the  exhibition  of  animals,  that  of  plants  and  cultures  was 
divided  into  fourteen  lots,  extending  through  seven  months,  so 
that  the  flowering  and  fruiting  seasons  ot  each  series  was  covered. 
More  than  two  thousand  entries  were  made.  Of  Conifers  alone, 
the  permanent  plantations  by  different  exhibitors,  were  about 
flfty ; number  of  specimens  some  3,000,  and  the  number 
of  species  and  varieties  about  900.  There  were  more  than  400 
exhibitors  of  fruits,  a display  which  came  off  after  I left.  Mr. 
Leroy,  of  Angers,  and,  in  fact,  every  other  nurseryman  of  note  in 
Belgium  and  France,  was  said  to  have  taken  part.  During  the 
whole  six  months  of  the  Exposition  the  Deserved  Garden,  with 
its  elegantly  constructed  green-houses,  aquariums,  cascades, 
streamlets,  lakelets,  rustic  bridges,  arbors,  pavilions,  flower  bor- 
ders and  gay  crowds  of  promenaders,  was  more  like  a fairy-land 
than  reality ; and  it  would  seem  like  downright  vandalism  to 
coldly  attempt  a discovery  of  the  means  by  which  such  enchant- 
ing effects  were  realized.  With  all  the  immense  mass  of  material 
in  limited  space  nothing  was  crowded ; with  all  its  art  nothing 
could  seem  more  natural ; with  all  the  labor  expended  one  could 
scarcely  feel  that  an  effort  had  been  made,  so  easy,  so  natural,  so 
charming  was  everything  that  met  the  eye  of  the  looker-on. 

Of  the  TENTH  GKOIJP,  embracing  the  whole  subject  of  Edu- 
ijation  as  well  as  all  measures  adopted  to  improve  the  moral  and 
physical  well-being  of  mankind,  I do  not  propose  to  speak  fur- 
ther than  to  refer  briefly  to  the  contribution  from  this  State.  The 
Illinois  school-house,  constructed  by  Mr.  Lyman  Bridges,  of  Chi- 
cago, at  the  instance  of  those  who  felt  the  importance  of  at  least 
some  pronounced  assertion  of  the  obligation  of  the  people  of  this 
country  to  our  system  of  free  popular  education,  with  its  furni- 
ture, apparatus  and  books  contributed  by  Messrs.  Sherwood  & 
Andrews  of  Chicago,  was,  perhaps,  the  most  entirely  plain  and 
unpretending  structure  erected  by  any  nation  on  Champ  de  Mars. 


120 


It  was,  liowever,  accepted  by  the  intelligent  people  of  other  na- 
tions in  the  spirit  which  sent  it  there.  Its  severe  simplicity,  in 
the  midst  of  such  surroundings,  inciting  inquiry  all  the  more,  was 
interpreted  truthfully.  I can  convey  no  better  impression  of  the 
view  taken  of  it  than  to  quote  briefly  from  the  remarks  of  Mr.  H. 
Terte,  late  Chief  of  Primary  Instruction  in  Paris,  as  published  in 
the  Manual  General  of  Primary  Instruction  and  translated  for 
the  Chicago  Republican. 

After  referring  to  the  statistics  of  school  attendance  and  the 
sums  expended  in  Illinois  for  the  support  of  its  free  schools,  and 
mentioning  with  half-way  approval  the  fact  that  female  teachers 
outnumber  the  male  teachers,  he  goes  on  to  say : 

“ In  building  up  in  the  Champ  de  Mars,  with  the  timber  and  lumber  cut  in  the 
yast  forests  of  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  the  model  of  a primary  free  school,  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  United  States  have  not  had,  certainly,  the  mere  idea  of  showing 
how,  in  the  new  and  small  localities,  the  school-houses  are  quickly  and  cheaply 
raised  in  excellent  hygienic  condition;  they  have,  in  addition,  made  known 
the  first  and  the  most  important  wheel  of  the  system  of  universal  education^  which, 
since  the  beginning  of  their  independence,  has  been,  and  always  will  be,  one  of  the 
principle  causes  of  their  grandeur  and  prosperity. 

“ The  free  primary  school  in  America  is  truly  the  common  centre  whence  have 
sprung  up  the  greater  number  of  the  men  who  have  shed  luster  upon  the  common- 
wealth. It  is  there  that  were  formed  those  energetic  nations  who  have  developed, 
in  such  a prodigious  manner,  the  power  of  the  United  States.  It  is  there  that  were 
blended  together  the  Saxon,  French,  German,  Spanish,  Italian  and  other  races  which 
people  the  new  world.  Each  one,  on  landing  on  these  remote  shores,  brought  his 
own  manners,  his  language,  his  national  spirit,  his  opinions  and  tastes.  All  these 
unevenesses  and  differences  disappear  in  the  new  educated  generation,  to  form  only 
one  great  nation — homogeneous  in  its  patriotism,  persevering  and  enlightened  in 
the  accomplishment  of  its  political  and  other  duties,  audacious  and  powerful  in  the 
re  tlizii'ion  of  its  gigantic  purposes  and  destiny, 

“ All  these  wonderful  results  are  due  in  a great  degree  to  the  pidmary  school, 
where  the  young  generations  are  moulded,  and  where  they  have  learned  that  equal- 
ity and  liberty  can  live  together  in  perfect  harmony. 

“ It  is  not  then  without  cause  that,  instead  of  one  of  those  magnificent  establish- 
ments destined  to  the  uses  of  a superior  education,  of  the  free  grammar  and  high 
school,  such  as  exist  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union,  that  the  American  Gov- 
ernment has  preferred  to  give  the  model  of  the  inferior  rural  school^  which  performs 
its  full  share  in  the  useful  and  happy  influences  we  have  just  described.” 

I have  thus  mentioned,  and  but  little  more  than  mentioned, 
each  of  the  groups  into  which  this  last  and  greatest  of  all  indus- 
trial exhibitions  was  thrown.  During  the  summer,  opportunity 
offered  to  see  something  of  the  j^ractical  agricultui  e of  France  by 
occasional  visits  to  some  of  the  Imperial  farms,  which  I gladly 
embraced.  Those  I saw  are  on  lands  which,  a very  few  years 


121 


since,  were  regarded  as  absolutely  exhausted  of  all  fertility.  The 
present  Emperor,  in  some  instances,  had  acquired  title  to  them 
during  his  presidency,  which  vested  in  the  State  on  his  becom- 
ing Emperor.  Some  twelve  years  since  M.  Tisserand  was 
called  upon  to  direct  the  reclamation  of  these  waste  and  unculti- 
vated estates  on  a business  basis.  Unaided  by  outside  revenues 
to  any  considerable  extent  from  the  beginning,  he  has  gradually 
restored  them  to  fertility  and  rendered  them  not  only  self  sustain- 
ing but  sources  of  considerable  profit.  The  farms  at  LaMotte- 
Beuvron,  in  Sologne,  and  near  Chalons-sur-Marne,  are  most 
remarkable  examples  of  practical  success  under  circumstances  the 
most  discouraging.  The  latter  are  situated  on  the  chalk  plains  of 
the  Champagne  district,  embracing,  probably,  the  battle-ground  on 
which  Attila  was  defeated  in  A.  D 451.  Many  of  the  burial 
trenches,  in  which  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  the  slain  were  de- 
posited, were  plainly  to  be  seen  ; and  I was  shown  some  fields  of 
luzerne  (the  great  ameliorator)  on  which  the  mouldering  ashes  of 
the  dead  had  been  recently  scattered,  with  a view  to  test  their  fer- 
tilizing properties.  The  surface  of  the  country  in  that  whole  re- 
gion is  wonderfully  like  that  of  McLean  county  in  this  State — 
high  and  beautifully  rolling  prairie,  with  occasional  groves  of 
Scotch  pine  which  had  been  planted  and  managed  to  live.  The 
soil  consisted  of  three  or  four  inches  of  browned  material,  under- 
laid with  chalky  pebbles  resting  on  the  solid  chalk,  so  that  when 
Mr.  T.  commenced  operations  he  was  met  by  the  comforting  as- 
surance from  a neighboring  oracle  that  he  “ could  carry  all  that 
farm  would  ever  produce  on  the  back  of  an  ass.*’ 

The  farms  in  Sologne  were,  if  possible,  still  more  unj^romising. 
With  a soil  (if  it  may  be  called  so)  impervious,  barren  of  nearly 
every  vestige  of  humus,  producing  nothing  in  many  ^^laces  but 
bad  herbs  and  useless  grasses,  it  came  to  his  hands  in  the  most 
uninviting  shape.  The  site  of  the  present  model  farm  ofYin- 
cennes  was  little  better  than  the  foregoing.  But  Mr.  T.  has  tri- 
umphed overall  difficulty  and  has  demonstrated  that  the  old  scars 
of  the  surface  may  be  healed — that  past  improvidence  is  not 
equivalent  to  utter  ruin.  In  the  next  volume  of  the  Transactions 
of  the  State  Agricultural  Society  1 hope  to  insert  many  interest- 
ing facts  in  regard  to  the  processes  of  culture,  of  handling  do- 
mestic animalsi  and  especially  an  abstract  of  the  most  admirable 
system  of  accounts,  as  practiced  in  the  course  of  these  really 


122 


remarkable  and  most  important  experiments.  The  following 
balance  sheet  for  one  of  ihe  twenty -foiii’  farms  will  afford  a slight 
view  of  the  book-keeping  as  well  as  of  the  general  character  of 
the  farming  pursued  on  all  of  them.  Having  been,  originally, 
one  of  the  poorest  tracts  in  the  chalk  district  of  Champagne,  the 
success,  as  a matter  of  business,  is  complete  : 

IMPERIAL  QUARTER,  No.  1.— Camp  CLalons,  (Marne.) 


EXPENSES — December  31,  18  '5,  to  January  1,  1867. 


1 

F.  0. 

Proportionate  share  of  the  general  cost 

2447  62 

St?rvioe  op  the  Farms  ..... 

8i4j  54 

F.  C 

F.  C. 

fManual  labor 

Cultivation  and  harvest  

4611  43 

H 

Barn-yard  manure  in  the  heap 

86  10 

— 

4697  53 

Purchase  of  fertilizers. , 

761  cub.  met.  manure  from  the  camp. , 

2701  76 

b 

96  k.  of  sel-sris 

15  0 

C40  k potassic  s I's  of  Starsfurt 

260  10 

b 

2200  k.  i)otassic  salts  and  super-phos- 

phate  of  lime 

564  23 

cn 

3631  69 

Q 

Purchase  of  seeds 

150  k.  forage  plant  seeds. .. . 

188  03 

1 

1000  k.  potatoes 

55  00 

243  03 

i 

8572  25 

Maintenance  of  Mateeial 

Equipages— repairs 

183  95 

1 

Store-house  utensils 

12  40 

i 

Plows,  etc.— repairs 

106  75 

Hand  utensils 

90 

Stable  utensils 

17  45 

Sheep-fold  utensils. 

16  85 

i 

Dairy  utensils 

130  55 

Threshing  machine 

112  85 

— 

581  70 

1 

Maintenance  of  Animals  . . 

Horses— shoeing,  harness,  etc 

481  73 

1 

Cow  stabie,  salt,  etc 

60  60 

Rams- -shearing,  etc  

171  80 

Sheep-fold— shearing,  etc 

364  05 

Pio-gery— purchase 

144  80 

Bell 

82  95 

1305  93 

— 

1887  63 

Total  money  expense 

21,354  04 

Expenses  in  kind. 

F.  O, 

F.  0. 

A-vtmat.r 

Rec’d  fr.  other  farms — 36  Rams 

898  20 

“ “ 1 Colt 

200  00 

« “ 4 Hens 

5 00 

— 

1103  20 

Divers  Commodities 

“ “ 150  k.  Vetches  . 

45  00 

“ “ 10  k.  Clo. seed.. 

13  (10 

58  00 

— 

1161  20 

Total  general 

22,515  24 

Expenses  of  buildings 

1,234  43 

23,749  67 

RECEIPTS. 


OTTTTr’oa  nrk\T\fr»‘nTTT'Pfl 

VEGETABLE  PRODUCTS. 

0 400  Ir  of  whe.at 

p.  c. 
8077  73 

i 

1 F.  C. 

1 67.3  k.  whear,  str.aw  

11.'  25 

i 3195  00 

1 

20,100  k.  rye .... 

4,000  k rve  straw 

4248  00 
192  00 

1,200  k.  winter  barley 

! 4440  on 

1 228  00 

2 90 

1 601  k.  oats 

: 3,5.31  k.  potatoes 

4,400  beets 

11^  k.  turnip  seed 

2,500  k.  buckwheat 

i 

! 160  16 

1 196  72 

1 8 80 

1 3 00 

i 300  00 

603  k.  grass 

i 71  40 

i 


8014  89 


Cow-nousE 


Eajib 


Sheep-fold, 


PlGGESY 


ANIMAL  PRODUOTG. 

5 fat  cows  and  1 hide 

F.  O. 

985  80 

1 F.  0 

10  sucking  calves  and  1 skin 

384  52 

1 steer 

179  55 

2 leaps 

6 on 

30,400  liters  of  milk 

I 4734  36 

1 

1 6-290  23 

4259  90 

12  lettings 

44  wethers  and  1 skin 

378  kil.  of  wool 

i 1155  00 

1 2035  16 
; 1069  74 

L 

3,275’<  k.  wool 

72  C wes  and  22  horns 

2 Yo.alings  and  154  lambs 

164  siCins 

1 9258  65 
35t,7  44 

1 3951  96 

1 54  85 

16,832  90- 

1 sow 

184  24 

Poultry-house. 
Material 


174  eggs  and  10  chicle  ens 

91  k.  old  iron 

Total  receipts 

Receipts  in  hind. 

Animals ! Delivered  to  other  f irms — 12  calves. ...  I 

! “•20  rams I 


F.  O, 

163  15 
600  00 


35  70 


7 31 

36,225  26 


Divers  Commodities 


12,964  k.  of  grass 

10  k.  luzerne  seed  . . 
115  k.  winter  vetches 

8.10  k.  of  wheat 

1030  k.  of  oats 


Material 


Delivered  to  the  domain  of  Sologne,  1 
hay-tedder 


General  total. 


1181  52| 
12  00 
23  00 
280  50 
231  rO 


168  15' 


1728  02; 


2496  IT 
275  00 


43 


RECAPITULATION. 


Total  receipts. . 
Total  expenses 


38.996f.43c 
22,515  24 


Excess  of  receipts 


16,481f.l9c 


Certified : 


EUGENE  TISSERAND. 


124 


I will  only  add  that  while  a cultivated  taste  is  apparent  in  the 
arrangement  of  grounds,  structures,  etc.,  there  is  no  attempt  to 
make  a shoio  at  the  expense  of  economy  ; and  although  these 
farms  are  “imperial”  they  are,  under  their  present  management, 
models  which  the  masses  there  may  imitate. 

The  QUEST OF  FORESTS  and  of  tree-planting,  with  a 
view  to  the  future  demand  for  timber  as  well  as  to  climatic  effects, 
is  as  interesting  to  the  people  of  the  prairie  country  of  the  United 
States  as,  perhaps,  any  other.  It  seemed  to  me  that  important 
facts  bearing  on  this  subject  and  amounting,  in  some  sort,  to 
demonstration,  ought  to  be  obtainable  by  consulting  the  experi- 
ence of  the  old  world,  which  had  really  j^assed  through  all  stages 
of  transition,  from  a densely  wooded  region  sparsely  popu 
lated  to  a sparsely  wooded  region  densely  populated ; once 
a forest  almost  without  people,  it  has  gradually  assumed  the  con- 
dition of  a prairie  full  of  people. 

At  the  Imperial  Forest  Tree  Nursery,*  in  Sologne,  I had  the 
pleasure  of  observing  that  branch  of  horticulture  prosecuted  in  the 
most  complete  manner,  and  of  examining  the  permanent  planta- 
tions on  portions  of  the  farm.  During  this  trip  I learned  that  the 
best  minds  in  Europe  were  by  no  means  agreed  on  even  the  fun- 
damental principles  involved  in  the  question  of  forests,  nor  even 
upon  the  principal  facts  of  European  experience.  The  most  re- 
cent publication  on  this  subject,  emanating  from  a source  entitled 
to  consideration,  is  a review,  in  1866,  by  Mr.  Tisserand,  of  a 
work  by  M.  Yalles,  Chief  Engineer  of  Bridges  and  Highways, 
Paris,  1865,  on  the  Alienation  of  Forests.  The  views  expressed 
are  diametrically  opposed  to  popular  opinion,  there  as  well  as 
here,  but  are  well  sustained  by  facts.  There  is  only  space  in  this 
report  for  a brief  statement  of  the  points  of  the  argument.  He 
commences  by  saying : 

“If  one  could  doubt  the  importance  of  method  in  the  search  after  truth,  it  would 
suflBce  to  demonstrate  it  to  observe  on  what  a flims}'  foundation  some  opinions, 
hi{:;hly  accredited,  rest,  and  with  what  facility  light  is  made  day  on  certain  ques- 
tions when  one  applies  to  their  study  scientific  rigor  nnd  precision.  There  are  cir- 
culating in  the  world  numerous  opinions,  which  are  received  and  transmitted  with 
out  examination,  which  thus  acquire  the  authority  of  well  established  truths,  and 
which  could  not,  nevertheless,  resist  the  least  discussion. 


The  main  avenue  of  this  nursery  has  been  christened  the  Avenue  of  Illinois. 


125 


“Tbo  question  of  forests,  which  has  lately  excited  such  lively  controversies, 
offers  us  an  example  of  those  prejudices  which  have  succeeded  not  only  in  taking 
hold  of  the  common  mind,  but  even  in  dominating  the  opinions  of  some  savam.  To 
every  one  who  reflects,  it  seems  that  it  must  be  with  forests  as  with  every  other 
production  of  nature;  that  is  to  say,  their  utility  varies  with  the  conditions  of  the 
soil,  of  the  climate,  the  position  of  the  ground,  and  their  preservation  depends  on 
the  economic  surroundings  in  which  they  are  found  placed  . Nevertheless,  certain 
positive  minds,  who  have  asserted  the  “ utility  of  forests  ” as  a scientific  dogma, 
refuse  to  admit  this,  and  on  the  faith  of  their  word  too  many  people  are  disposed  to 
believe  that  the  possession  of  considerable  timber  is  always  an  advantage  to  a 
country,  whatever  may  be  the  nature,  the  position  and  the  value  of  the  ground  it 
may  occupy. 

“This  country  (France)  is  properly  stirred  up  by  all  the  discussions  which  have 
taken  place.  To-day,  in  order  to  remove  the  ciuse  for  the  uneasiness  occasioned 
by  the  pres'^ntation  of  a project  for  the  alienation  of  forests,  that  minds  may  be 
calmed  and  cool  discussion  allowe  1 it  is  proper  to  replace  the  question  on  its  true 
ground — that  of  facts;  hypotheses,  personal  notions,  from  whatever  respectable 
source  they  may  emanate,  are  valued  only  as  they  are  founded  on  the  principles  of 
science  and  on  inconi  estible  observations. 

“ The  time  is  no  longer,  in  fact,  when  the  word  of  the  master  is  sufficient  to 
stamp  an  idea  w’ith  the  rank  of  absolute  truth.  The  modern  mind,  in  freeing  itself 
from  this  servitude  in  regard  to  the  doctrines  of  the  past,  has  given  to  the  sciences 
a new  impulse,  and  permitted  them  to  attain  the  elevated  regions  to  which  they 
have  drawn  in  their  path  human  industry.” 

His  main  propositions  are:  1st — The  development  of  popula- 
tion and  wealth  in  a country  is  incompatible  with  a wooded  con- 
dition ; hence  the  clearing  of  lands  fit  for  cultivation  cannot  be 
prevented.  Witness  England,  which  Csesar  called  ^‘Horrida 
Sylvis,”  where  public  clamor,  instigated  by  necessity,  has,  in  the 
face  of  acts  of  Parliament  and  the  efforts  of  the  Admiralty,  re- 
duced the  wood  lands  to  scarcely  65,000  acres.  The  prosperity 
of  a country  is  in  inverse  proportion  to  the  extent  of  its  forests 
and  uncultivated  tracts.  Cultivable  lands  are  more  profitable 
in  tillage  than  in  forest. 

2d — The  presence  of  forests  has  no  other  effect  on  the  salu- 
brity or  humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  than  plants  of  culture  ; that 
trees  are  composed  of  the  same  elements,  and  practically  of  the 
same  quantity  of  each  per  acre,  as  the  cultivated  crops  would  be 
on  the  same  soil.  They  do  not  deprive  the  atmosphere  of  more 
of  the  irrespirable  gasses,  nor  do  they  restore  to  it  more  of  ox j gen 
than  the  others.  Their  physiological  functions  are  the  same,  the 
only  difference  being  that  the  meadow  grasses  condense  and 
therefore  evaporate  five  or  six  times  more  water  than  trees;  and 
to  this  he  refers,  as  ‘^07ie  cause  of  the  increase  of  rain  which  has 


126 


heen  ohservf^d  hy  alt  oneteorologuU  since  considemhle  cleavings  of 
the  forests  have  taken  place. Want  of  salubrity  is  not  owing  to 
the  inlinitessiinal  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  gas  in  the  air  we 
breathe,  but  to  the  presence  of  subtle  miasma  engendered  by  the 
decomposition  of  animal  and  vegetable  substances,  under  the  in- 
lluence  of  heat  and  moisture.  That  forests  oftener  injure  by  pre- 
venting a free  circulation  of  air,  thus  concentrating  infection. 

3d — That  a series  of  authenticated  observations,  beginning 
with  those  recorded  in  the  Calendar  written  by  Columella  in  the 
iirst  century  of  the  present  era,  comparing  it  wdth  that  of  the 
Arab  HaribObO  years  later,  with  that  of  Al-Clarkie  in  1561,  and 
wdth  those  of  modern  times,  establishes  the  fact  that  Spain,  for- 
merly covered  with  forests  and  to-day  cleared  off,  has  not  changed 
in  climate  perceptibly  in  1800  years. 

Elsewhere  the  same  gentleman  states  that  climatic  conditions 
have  not  changed  at  Strasburg  on  the  Ehine,  notwithstanding 
extensive  clearings  have  been  made  for  culture,  in  66  years ; the 
mean  temperature  has  not  varied  the  tenth  of  a degree,  and  the  fall 
of  water  has  rather  increased  than  diminished.  The  same  result 
as  regards  increase  of  rain-fall  since  the  clearing  of  forests  has 
been  experienced  in  France.  He  therefore  favors  the  ]Dlanting  of 
trees  for  timber  only  on  lands  upon  which  cereals  or  other  crops 
cannot  be  profitably  grown ; but  does  not  of  course  object  to 
planting  them  for  ornament,  nor  on  the  margin  of  streams  or 
highways,  or  to  break  the  direct  force  of  winds,  unless  in  too 
large  bodies ; but  thinks  the  proper  localities  for  forests  are  the 
mountains  and  the  exhausted  lands.  I hope  to  present  the  argu- 
ment entire  in  the  next  volume  of  Transactions. 

And  now,  if  I have  succeeded  in  affording  you,  gentlemen,  an 
idea  of  the  magnitude,  the  completeness  and  the  importance  of  the 
Exposition  of  1867  in  its  relations  to  the  interests  of  maukind; 
and  if,  in  addition,  some  little  information  of  a special  character 
has  been  imparted,  my  aim  in  making  this  report  has  been  attained. 
Thorough  study  of  all  the  objects  assembled  would  have  been  the 
work  of  more  than  one  life-time  diligently  and  laboriously  spent. 

In  conclusion,  I .beg  to  tender  my  acknowledgements  to  the 
members  of  the  former  and  present  Executive  Boards  for  their  co- 
operation; to  Gov.  Oglesby,  wdio  entered  into  the  preparatory 
wmrk  of  exhibition,  with  an  appreciation  and  hearty  good  will 
from  the  commencement;  to  Col.  James  II.  Bowen,  of  Chicago, 


who  devoted  himself  to  the  interests  of  the  State  and  conntry  in 
connection  with  the  Exposition,  unreservedly  from  an  early  daj^; 
to  W.  W.  Corbett,  Esq.,  of  Chicago,  for  much  valuable  assistance 
for  several  months  at  the  Exposition;  to  Prof.  Worth en.  State 
Geologist;  to  the  other  State  officers,  and  to  each  one  of  the  con- 
tributors to  the  State  collection  ; to  T.  L.  Minier,  Esq.,  of  Lincoln, 
for  his  intelligent  exertions  in  collecting  and  forw  arding  a con- 
siderable portion  of  tlie  contribution;  to  Jonathan  Clark,  Esq.,  of 
Chicago,  who  superintended  the  erection  of  the  buildings  from 
this  State  on  the  Park;  to  the  Agricultural  and  other  press,  and 
to  the  Illinois  Central  and  other  railroad  companies  of  the  State, 
for  their  many  contributions  and  gratuitous  favors. 

I cannot  forget  the  many  courtesies  extended  to  me  by  M.M. 
Tisserand,  LeSage,  Mille,  Marquis  d’llavrincourt,  Aureliano,  and 
other  gentlemen  composing  the  Jury,  with  whom  I served. 

To.  Mr.  A.  D.  Hager,  the  State  Geologist  of  Yermont,  I am 
under  special  obligations  for  assistance  in  arranging  our  scientific 
collection.  Yery  respectfully  and  truly, 

JOHN  P.  EE YN  OLDS. 


A P P E N D I X\ 


CATALOGUE  OF  AWARDS  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


CEOSS  OF  CHEVALIEE  OP  THE  LEGION  OF  HONOR. 

1.  MoCormich,  C.  H.,  Chicaso,  Illiuois.  See  Nos.  11  and  18. 

2.  Wood,  Walter  A.,  Ho  )sick  Kails,  New  York.  See  Nos.  12  and  29. 

3.  Chickeriug  & Son,  New  York.  S e No.  13. 

4.  Howe,  Edas,  Jr., See  No.  17. 


NEW  ORDER  OP  RECOMPENSES, 

For  persons,  establishments,  or  localities,  which,  by  organizations  or  special  institutions,  have 
d vel  ped  harmony  amoncr  co-opora’^ors,  and  produced,  in  an  eminent  degree,  the  material, 
moral  and  intellectual  well-bemg  of  the  workmen. 

5.  Chapin, , Lawrence,  Massachusetts;  G.and  Prize,  a gold  medal  of  the  value  of  1,000 

francs,  and  9,i  00  francs  in  gold. 

6.  Agricultural  Society  of  Vineland,  New  Jersey;  an  Honorable  Mention,  unaccompanied  by 

a medal, 

FINE  ARTS. 

7.  Church,  P.  E.,  New  York  city;  the  artists’  medal,  with  500  francs  in  gold.  Landscape 

paintings  in  oil. 

GRAND  PRIZES. 

8.  Field,  Cyrus  W.,  an  Anglo-American  Transatlantic  Telegraph  Company;  transatlantic 

cable. 

9.  United  States  Sanitary  Commission ; ambulances,  materials,  instruments,  &c.,  for  the 

relief  of  the  wounded,  used  in  the  late  war.  See,  also.  Honorable  Mention. 

10.  Hugh  s, , New  York;  printing  telegraph. 

11.  J/ct'orwicA:,  C.  H.,  Chicago,  Illinois;  reaping  machines.  To  this  grand  prize,  gained  in 

the  held  trials  of  agricultural  machines,  was  added,  by  the  Emperor,  the  Cross  of  Cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  See,  also,  Nos.  1 and  18. 

GOLD  MEDAL,  WITH  WORK  OF  ART. 

12.  Wood,  Walter  A.,  Hoosick  Falls,  New  York ; mowing  machines.  To  this  prize,  gained  in 

the  field  trials  of  agricultural  machines,  was  added,  by  the  Emperor,  the  Cross  of  Cheva- 
lie  r of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  See  Nos.  2 and  29. 

GOLD  MEDALS. 

13.  Chickering  & Son,  New  York  and  Boston ; pianos.  To  this  gold  medal  was  added,  by  the 

Emperor,  the  Cross  of  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  See  No.  3. 

14.  Corliss  Steam  Engine  Company,  Providence,  Rhode  Island;  the  Corliss  engine. 

15.  Fire-arm  Manufacturing  Industry  of  the  United  States;  fire-arms.  See,  also.  Nos.  96  and 

123. 

16.  Grant  Locomotive  Works,  Patterson,  N.  J. ; locomotive  and  tender. 

17.  Howe.  Elias,  jr.,  “promoter  of  the  sewing  machine.”  To  this  gold  medal  was  added,  by 

the  Emperor,  the  Cross  of  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  See  No.  4. 

18.  McCormick,  C.  H.,  Chicago,  Illinois ; reaping  and  mowing  machines.  According  to  the 

rule  of  the  Imperial  Commission  this  medal  is  absorbed  in  No.  11.  See,  also.  No.  1. 

19.  Meyer,  Victor,  Parish  of  Concordia,  Louisiana;  short  staple  cotton. 

20.  Rodgers,  C.  B.  & Co.,  Norwich,  Connecticut;  wood-working  machines. 

21.  Sellers,  William  & Co.,  Philadelphia;  machine  tools. 

22.  Steinway  & Son,  New  York  city;  pianos. 

23.  Trager,  L.,  Blackhawk  Point,  Louisiana;  short  staple  cotton. 

24.  Waluridge,  Wells  D.,  New  York  city ; gold  and  silver  ores  from  Idaho. 

25.  Welch,  Patrick,  New  York  city  j type-dressing  machine. 

26.  Wheeler  & Wilson,  New  York  city;  sewing  and  button-hole  machines. 

27.  White,  S.  S.  Philacelphia;  artificial  teeth  and  dentists’  instruments  and  furniture. 

28.  Whitney.  J.  P.,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  silver  ores  from  Colorado. 

29.  Wood,  Walter  A.,  Hoosick  Falls,  New  York;  reaping  and  mowing  machines.  See,  also, 

Nos.  2 and  15. 


129 


80. 

31. 


34. 

35. 
3ti. 

37. 

38. 

39. 

40. 

41. 

42. 

43. 

44. 

45. 

46. 

47. 

48. 

49. 
5). 
51. 
62. 
63. 
54. 
65. 
56. 
87. 
68. 
69. 
60. 
61. 
62. 

63. 

64. 

65. 

66. 

67. 

68. 

69. 

70. 

71. 

72. 

73. 

74. 
76. 

76. 

77. 

78. 

79. 

80. 
81. 

82. 

83. 

84. 

85. 

86. 
87. 


90. 

91. 

92. 

93. 

94. 

95. 

96. 

97. 

98. 

99. 
100. 

101. 

102. 

103. 

104. 

105. 


SILVER  MEDALS. 

Alabama,  State  of;  short  staple  cotton.  See  Honorable  Mention. 

American  Button-hole  Company,  Philadelphia;  sewing  and  button-hole  machines. 

Baker,  W.  & Co.,  Dorchesteij  Massachusetts;  chocolates. 

Barnes,  Surgeon  GeneralJ.  K.,  United  States  army,  Washington;  surgical  instruments, 
hospital  apparatus,  etc. 

Bemeni  <&  Dougherty,  Philadelphia ; machine  tools. 

Bergucr,  Theodoie,  Philadelphia;  co-operator— engineer  of  Messrs.  Sellers  & Co. 

Bid  well,  J.  C.,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania;  Comstock's  rotary  spader. 

Bigelow,  H.,  Boston,  Massachuseits;  copper  and  minerals  from  Lake  Superior. 

Blake,  Wm.  P.,  San  Francisco,  Califoinia;  California  minerals.  • 

Bond,  William  & Son,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  astronomical  clock  and  chronograph. 

Brown,  d.  K.,  & Sharpe,  Providence,  Rhode  Island;  sciew-cutting  and  milling  machines. 
Burt,  E.  C.,  New  York  city;  machine  sewed  boots  and  shoes. 

California,  State  of;  cereals. 

Cape,  Culver  & Co.,  New  York  city;  hams. 

Chapin  & Wells,  Chicago,  Illinois;  model  of  a swing  bridge. 

CHICAGO  BOARD  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS,  Chicago,  Illinois;  design  of  the  lake  tunnel. 
Clark  Thread  Company,  New..ik,  New  Jersey;  cotton  yarns. 

Coilins  & Co.,  New  Y'^oik  city;  steel  ploughs. 

Cool,  Ferguson  & Co.,  Glen  s Falls,  New  York;  barrel  machines. 

Colt’s  Patent  Fire-arms  Manufacturing  Company,  Hartford,  Connecticut;  fire-arms. 
Crompton,  G.,  Worcester,  Massachusetts;  loom  for  cloths. 

CULBERTSON,  BLAIR  & CO.,  Chicago,  Illinois;  salted  meats 
Daboll,  C.  L.,  New  London,  Connecticut;  fog-signal. 

D’Aligny,  H.  F.  C^.,  co-operator  in  the  organization  of  the  United  States  section. 

Darling,  Browne  Shaipe,  Bangor,  Maine;  steel  measures. 

Delpit,  A.,  & Co.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  snufi’. 

Dixon  J.  & Co.,  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey;  plumbago  crucibles. 

Doaglass  Axe  Manufacturing  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  edge  tools. 

DUFFIELD,  CHARLES,  Chicago,  Illinois;  hams. 

Fairbanks,  E.  & T , & Co.,  St.  Johusbury,  Vermont;  scales.  See,  also.  No  127. 

Florence  Sewing  Machine  Company,  New  York  city ; sewing  machines. 

Fournier,  S.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  electric  clocks. 

Glen  Cove  Starch  Manufacturing  Company,  New  York  city;  “ mazena”  and  starch:  X 

Gotthiel,  Edward, New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  co-opeiator,  services  rendered  to  agricultur^ih 
Louisiana. 

Gregg,  Isaac,  Philadelphia ; brick-making  machine.  See,  also.  No.  133. 

Guniher,  C.  G.,  & Son,  New  York  city;  furs. 

Hall,  J.,  & Son,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  buggy. 

Howe  Machine  Company,  New  York  city,  sewing  machines. 

Howe,  Dr.  S.  G.,  Boston,  iviassachusetts;  works  for  the  blind. 

ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Chicago,  Illinois;  agricultural  products. 
ILLINOIS,  STATE  OF ; collection  of  minerals. ) 

ILLINOIS,  STATE  OF ; farmer’s  house.  > See,  also.  No.  148. 

ILLINOIS,  STATE  OF;  school-house.  ) 

Jackson,  Dr.,  co-operator;  discovery  of  emery. 

Lamb,  d.  W.,  Rochester,  New  York;  knitting  machine. 

Lawrence,  E.,  Louisiana;  sugars. 

Mason  & Hamlin,  New  York  city;  cabinet  organs. 

Nevada,  State  of;  silver  and  copper  ores. 

New  York  Mills,  New  York;  muslins. 

Oppei,  Morris,  New  York;  loom  for  corsets. 

Park  Brothers  & Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania;  cast  steel  and  edge  tools. 

Partridge  Fork  Works,  Leominster,  Massachusetts;  steel  hay-forks,  rakes,  etc.  See,  also. 
No.  167. 

Pease,  F.  S.,  Buffalo,  New  York;  petroleum  oils.  See,  also,  HonorablegMention. 

Perry,  J.  G.,  Kingston,  Rhode  Island ; mowing  machine.  This  prize  was  gained  in  tt« 
field  trials  of  agricultural  machines.  See,  also,  No.  169. 

Pigne,  J.  B.,  San  Francisco,  California;  minerals. 

Providence  Tool  Company,  Providence  Xthude  Island ; Peabody’s  patent  fire-arms. 
Remington.  E.,  & Sou,  Ilion,  New  York;  lire-arms. 

Rutherford,  L.  M.,  New  York  city;  astronomical  photographs. 

Schultz  & Warker,  New  York  city;  mineral  ater  apparatus. 

SCHUTTLER,  PETER,  Chicago,  Illinois;  >vagon. 

Smith  & We.-son,  Springfield,  Massachusetts ; fire-arms  and  cartridges. 

Spencer  Repeating  Rifle  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  Spencer  rifles. 

Taft,  J.  B.,  Chester,  Massachusetts;  emery. 

Tieman,  G.,  Philadelphia;  suigical  instruments. 

Tolies,  R.  F.,  Canastota,  New  Fork;  microscopes. 

Tucker.  H.,  & Co.,  New  York  city;  iron  ornaments,  imitation  of  bronze. 

UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT ; specimens  of  frame  houses  for  settlers.  See,  also, 
Nos.  15  and  123. 

Wales,  William,  Fort  Lee,  New  Jersey;  optical  Instruments. 

Wardwell,  G.  I.,  New  York  city;  stone-quarrying  machine. 

Wa.shingtun  Mills,  Boston,  Massachusetts ; woolen  fabrics.  See,  also,  Honorable  Mention, 
Webster  WooKn  Mills,  Webster,  Massachusetts;  woolen  fabrics. 

Weed  Sewing  Machine  Company,  New  Yoik  city;  sewing  machines. 

Whitney,  B.  D.,  VVinchendou,  Massachusetts;  wood  working  machines. 

Windsor  Manufacturing  Company,  Windsor,  Vermont;  Ball’s  patent  fire-arms. 

Wood  Brothers,  New  York  city;  phaeton. 

Yale  «Si  Wmn  Manufacturing  Company,  Shelburne  Falls,  Massachusetts;  Tale  locks, 

17 


130 


BEONZE  MEDALS. 

Iff).  Abbey,  C.,  & Sot'p,  Philfidelrhia:  dentists’  ^rold  foil. 

lOT.  American  Lead  Pencil  Companj',  New  York  city ; lead  ]icn(  lls. 

108.  Appleton,  D..  & Co.,  New  Yoik  city;  book.?. 

H 9.  Babcock,  J.  P..  Boston,  Massachusetts;  rosin  oil. 

no.  B 1 imore  and  Cuba  Smeltin'’^  and  Mining  Company,  Baltim  re.  M ryland;  copp  r. 

111.  Barlow,  Milton,  Lcsiuirton,  Kcntacky ; planetarium. 

112.  Bartram  & Fanton  Manufacturing  Company,  Danbury,  Connecticut;  sewing  an.l  button- 

hole machines. 

113.  Beer,  Sigismund,  New  York  city;  stereoscopic  view.?. 

114.  Belmont  Oil  Company,  Philadelphia;  oils. 

115.  Brigham,  E.  D.,  Treasurer  Portage  Lake  Smelting  Works,  Boston,  Massachneetts ; La’rc 

Superior  copper. 

lie.  Brt.'wu  & Level.  New  York  city;  disengaging  tackle  for  boats. 

117.  Carpenter,  W.  S.,  New  York  city;  collection  of  coin. 

118.  Carroll,  J.  W..  Lynchburg,  Virginia ; smoking  tobacco. 

119.  Cummings,  W.,  & Son,  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey;  model  of  a hospital  car. 

120.  Day,  A.  G.,  Seymour,  Connecticut;  indelible  pencils  and  lead  pencilsin  luii.i-rubher  c ses. 

See.  also.  Honorable  iMc-ntion. 

121.  DEEEE  & CO.,  Moline.  Illinois;  steel  ploughs. 

122.  Degcner  & Weiler,  New  Yoik  city;  printing  presses.  ' 

123.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington;  collection  of  cereals.  Sec,  also,  Nos.  and  9’;. 

124.  Dies  Debar,  J.  H.,  Commissioner  of  West  Virginia,  Parkersburg',  We^t  Viigiul  i ; pet  oleum 

oils. 

1‘'5  Douglass  Manufrctuiing  Cr mpany.  New  York  city;  f dge  tools. 

120.  Douglass,  W.  & B.,  Middletown,  Connecticut;  pumps.'’ 

127.  Fai'.bauks.  E.  & T.,  & Co.,  St.  Johnsburv,  Vermont;  rail:-ond  scale.  See,  al  o,  No.  59. 

128.  Fairchild,  L.  W.,  New  York  city;  gold  pens  and  cases. 

119.  Germrindei,  Geovue,  New  York  city;  stringed  instruments. 

130.  Goddard,  C.  L.,  New  York  city;  mestizo  burring  picke'-. 

131.  Goodeiough  Horseshoe  Company,  New  York  city;  horseshoes.  See,  also,  Hoaortble 

Mention. 

132.  Got  de  1,  D.  H..  Antrim.  New  Hampshire;  apple  paror. 

133.  Gregg,  Isaac,  Philadelphia;  mt  del  of  a brick  machine.  See,  also.  No.  04. 

134.  Hadley  Company.  Holyobe,  Massachusetts;  sewi' g cottcu. 

13.5.  Harris,  1).  L.  Springtield,  Massachusetts;  engine  lathe. 

136.  Haupt,  He-man,  Philadelphia;  tunneling  machine. 

137.  Herring,  F -rral  & Sherman.  New  York  city;  tire  and  hnrglar  proof  safes. 

138.  Hoglin  & Grlhin,  Dayton,  Ohio;  tobacco-cutting  machine 

139.  Hoichkiss,  H.  G , Lyon,  New  York;  oils  of  peppermint,  etc. 

140.  Hotchkiss,  L.  B.,  Phelps,  New  Yoik;  oils  of  peppermint,  etc. 

141.  Houghton,  H.  O.,  & Co  , Cambridge,  Massachusetts;  books. 

142.  House,  Henry  A.,  New  York  city;  co-operator  in  the  establishment  of  Wtiee^'^r  Wiisun . 

113.  House,  James  A.,  New  York  city;  co-operator  establishment  of  Wheeler  & Wii.-ou. 

144.  Howe,  A.  B.,  Now  York  city;  sewing  machines. 

145.  Howe  Scale  Company,  Brandon,  Vermont;  scales. 

146.  Hudson,  E.  D.,  New  York  city;  artificial  limbs. 

147.  Humpbres,  J.  C..  parish  of  Kapides,  Louisiana;  short  staple  co’tcn. 

148.  ILLINOIS,  STATE  OF;  cereals  and  flours.  See  Nos.  79,  71,72. 

149.  Jessup  & Moore,  Phnadelphia;  papers. 

1*0.  Johnson,  A.  J.,  New  York  city;  Johnson’s  Family  Atlas. 

151.  Johnson,  B,,  Louisiana  ; sugars. 

152.  Johnson  & Lund,  Philadelphia;  artificial  teeth. 

15.L  Justice,  P.  S..  Philadelphia;  power  hammer. 

154.  Kansas,  State  of;  collection  of  cereals. 

155.  Lilieuthal,  C.  H.,  Ncav  York  city;  snufi" and  tobacco. 

156.  Lilieuthal,  Ch.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  photographic  views. 

1.57.  Louisiana,  State  of;  Po' table  cottage. 

158.  Lyon.  J.  B.  & Co.,  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania;  pressed  glass  ware. 

159.  IJerriam.  G.  & C.,  Springfield,  Massachusetts;  Webster’s  Illustrated  Dictionary. 

160.  Mission  Woolen  Mills,  San  Francisco,  California;  woolen  Ihbrics. 

161.  Moody,  S.  N.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  shirts. 

162.  Morris,  Tasker  & Co..  Philadelphia;  wringing  machine. 

163.  Mnmford,  Foster  & Co.,  Detroit,  Michigan;  boot  trees,  lasts,  etc. 

164.  Murphy’s  W.  F..  Sons,  Philadelphia;  blank  books. 

165.  Ohio,  State  of;  collection  of  cereals. 

166.  Olmstend,  L.  H.,  Stamford,  Connecticut;  friction  clutch  pulley.  Sec,  also,  Urnorahle 

Mention. 

167.  Parti'id'j'e  Fork  Works,  Leominster,  Massachuretts;  agricaltiiril  h.auj  tools.  ;J  o,  also, 

N 81. 

163.  Pennsylvania,  Slate  of ; anthracite  coal. 

169.  Perry.  J.  G.,  Kingston,  Ehode  Inland;  mowing  machine.  See,  also.  No.  83. 

170.  Pickering  & Davis.  New  York  city;  engine  governors. 

171.  Pratt  & Wentwo  th,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  heating  apparatus. 

172.  Randall,  S.  H.  New  York  city;  mica, 

173.  Eeidel,  G.  A,,  Philadelphia;  automatic  boiler  feeder. 

171.  Richards,  Richard,  Racine,  Wisconsin;  wool. 

375.  Roots,  J.  B.,  New  York  city;  steam  engine 

176.  Roots,  P.  H.  & F.  M..  Connersville,  Indiana;  rotary  blower. 

177.  Sachse,  F.,  & Sous,  Philadelphia;  shirts. 

178..  Harrazin,  J.  R.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  toVincco. 

179.  * Schedler,  Joseph,  Hudson  City,  New  Jersey  ; tciacslila;  globes 


180.  Schrelber,  Louis,  New  York  city;  brass  instruments. 

ISl.  Secombe  Munuf  ictarin;,^  Company,  New  York  city;  ribbon  baud  stamps. 

13:i.  Shaw,  C.  A.,  Uiddefoid,  Maine;  knitting  machine. 

183.  Shtiw,  Philander,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  hot-air  engine. 

181.  Slater,  S.,  & Son,  Webster,  Massachusetts;  cotton  labrics. 

185.  Smith,  McPherson  & McDonald.  New  Yorit  city;  ales  and  porter. 

186.  Southern  Cotton-gin  Company,  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts;  cocton-giii. 

137.  Squire,  J.  J.,  N ^w' Loudon,  Coanecticat;  preserved  fruits  aud.vegCua  jies. 

188.  SiursDerg,  H.,  New  Yoric  city;  beaver  cloths. 

18 1.  Sweet,  J.  E.,  Syracuse,  New  York;  composing  machine. 

190.  Tambou.y,  A.,  parish  of  Sc.  James,  Louisiana;  tobacco. 

191.  Tifl'any  & Co..  New  Yoriv  city;  silver  ware. 

192.  Townsend,  W.  H.,  New  York  chy;  oil-doihs. 

193.  Union  Buttou-hoie  and  Embroidery  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  button 

chine 

194.  Van  Deusen,  J.  B.,  New  York  city;  model  of  the  yacht  Flestvviag, 

195.  Warn  r.  G.  F.,  & Co.,  New  Haven,  C'jnuecticut;  malleable  iruii  oas  tags. 

19o.  Watkins,  C.  E.,  San  Fraucisco,  California;  photographs— landscapes. 

197.  Wickersham  Nail  Company,  Boston,  via3sachLise.i.s , uail-catLing  machine. 

198.  Williams,  T.  C.,  &Co.,  D2inville.  Virginia;  chewing  and  smo'dug  tobaccos. 

199.  Wisconsin  State  Agriculmral  Society;  agrlcultiirai  products. 

200.  Wisconsin,  Slate  of;  collection  of  mine,  als. 

201.  Wisconsin,  State  of;  collection  of  cereals  and  flours. 

202.  Wright,  R.  & G.  A.,  Philadelphia;  perfumery. 

HONORABLE  MENTIONS. 

Alabama;  short  staple  cotton.  See  No.  bO. 

Alien,  J.,  & Son,  New  York  city;  artificial  teeth. 

American  Steam  Gauge  Company,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  steam  g la;  ;s. 

American  Wiue  Company,  St  Louis,  Missouri;  spariiliug  wines. 

Andrews,  W.  D.,  & Brother,  New  Yorii  city;  oscillating  socam  engine. 

Avery,  O.  D.,  Petite  Anse,  Louisiana;  rock  salt. 

Bacon,  S.  T.,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  cracker  machinery. 

Baker,  G.  R.,  St.  Louis,  dough-kneading  machine. 

Bates,  R.,  Phil  delphia;  instruments  to  cure  st  .mmeriug. 

Bell  Factory,  Hunosville,  Alabama ; cotton  fabrics. 

Buena  Vista  Viniculturai  Society,  San  Francisco,  Ca'ifornia;  sparkling  Sjno.a  i win  •. 
Bo, den,  Gail,  New  York  city;  extract  of  beef. 

Bottler,  Charles,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  spar.^iling  Catawba  wine, 

Broughton  & Moore,  New  Yora  city;  oilers,  cocks,  etc. 

Bourgeois,  E.,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  tobacco. 

Brandon  Kaolin  and  Paint  Company,  Brandon,  Vermont;  specimeas  of  p iuts. 

B.ay  & Hays,  Boston,  Massachusetts ; preserved  lobster. 

Brown,  i).  J.,  Roxbur>,  Massachusetts;  enameled  leather. 

Chipman,  G.  W.,  & Co.,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  carpet  lining. 

Claik  Steam  and  Fire  Regulator  Company,  New  Yoru.  city;  smam  and  firo  re  j il dor. 
Cohn,  M.,  New  YorK  city;  criuobne. 

Cozzens,  F.  S.,  New  York  city ; cigars. 

Hart,  H.  C.,  & Co.,  New  York  city;  rotary  steam  engine. 

Davidson,  G.,  Washington;  sexuut. 

Davidson,  J.,  St.  Bernard  parish,  Louisiana;  sugars. 

Day,  A.  G.,  Seymoui,  Conueciicut;  art.lieial  India-rubber.  See,  also.  No.  120. 

Diifly,  I.,  Patterson,  New  Jersey;  design  for  improvements  in  iroa-ciad  vessNs. 
Dwight,  G.,  Jr.,  Co.,  Springfield,  Massachusetts;  steam  pump. 

Edsou,  W.,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  hygroueik. 

Elsberg,  Dr.  Louis,  New  Yoik  city;  specimens  of  peat  fuel. 

Empire  Sewing  Machine  Company,  New  York  city ; sewing  machines. 

Fries,  Alexander,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  flavoring  extracts 
Glass,  Peter  Barton,  Wisconsin;  mosaic  tables. 

Goodeuough  Horseshoe  Company,  New  York  city;  horseshoes.  See,  also.  No.  121. 
Gould,  I.  D.,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  mica. 

Herring,  S.  C.,  New  loracity;  Bullaid  s hay-tedder. 

Hicks  Engine  Company,  New  York  city;  steam  engine. 

Hirach,  J.,  Chicago,  Illinois;  albumen,  glycerine,  etc. 

Holliday,  T.  & C.,  New  York  city;  aniline  colors. 

Howara,  D.  B.,  New  York  city;  ambulance  etc. 

Howell,  & Brother,  Philadelphia;  wallpapers, 

Iowa,  State  of;  collection  of  cereals. 

Jackson,  J.  H.,  New  York  city;  minerals  and  fossils. 

Kaldenburg  & Son,  New  Yoik  city;  meerschaum  pipes. 

Korn,  C.,  New  York  city;  calf-skin  leather. 

Balance  <fc  Grosjean,  New  York  city;  house-furnishing  hardware. 

Linthicum,  W.  O.,  New  York  city;  cloth  clothing. 

Longworth,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  sparkling  wines. 

McCormick,  J.  J.,  xVIerideu,  Connecticut;  skates. 

Marietta  and  Gale’s  Fork  Petroleum  Company,  Marietta,  Ohio;  petroleum  oil. 
Metropolitan  Washing  Machine  Company,  New  Yoik  city;  clothes  wringers. 
Metropolitan  Washing  Machine  Company,  New  York  city;  washing  machine i. 
Minnesota,  State  of;  collection  of  cereals. 

Moehring,  H.  G.,  agent  of  the  Volcanic  Oil  Company  of  West  Virginia,  Philadelohia  • 
lubricating  oil.  * ’ 

Montague  & Carlos,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana;  black  moss  for  upholsterers. 


-hole  mi 


volcanic 


132 


Tasker  & Co.,  Philadelphia;  pipe-cntting machine. 

New  Haven  Clock  Company,  New  Haven,  Connecticut;  clocks. 

Olmstead,  L.  H.,  Stamford,  Connecticut;  machine  tools.  See,  also,  No.  166. 

Oneida  Community,  Oneida,  New  York;  preserved  fruits. 

Page,  E.  W.,  New  York  city;  oars. 

Paul,  J.  P.,  & Co.,  Boston;  specimens  of  wood. 

Pease,  F.  S.,  Buffalo,  New  York;  pneumatic  pump.  See,  also,  No.  82. 

Perrot,  T.  Morris,  Philadelphia;  medicine  wagon. 

Pleasant  Vallejo  Wine  Company,  Hammondsport,  New  York;  wines  and  brandy.  - 
Portland  Packing  Company,  Portland,  Maine ; preserved  lobster  and  vegetables. 
Prentice.  J.,  New  York  city;  cigar  machine. 

Purrington,  G.,  Jr.,  New  York  city ; carpet  sweeper. 

Kobinson,  J.  A.,  New  York  city;  Ericsson  hot-air  engine. 

Sabatier,  G.,  Plaquemines  parish,  Louisiana;  sugars. 

Selpho,  W.,  & Son,  New  York  city;  artificial  limbs. 

Sheldon,  Joseph,  New  Haven,  Connecticut;  water  pressure  regulator. 

Smith,  K.  M.,  Baltimore,  Maryland;  petroleum  oils. 

Steam  Siphon  Company,  New  York  city;  steam  siphon  pump, 

Stephenson,  J.,  New  York  city;  street  railway  carriage. 

Stockton,  Samuel,  Philadelphia ; artificial  teeth. 

Tallman  & Collins,  Janesville,  Wisconsin;  peifumery. 

Taylor,  C.  F.,  New  York  city;  therapeutic  apparatus. 

Tilden,  Howard,  Boston ; sifter,  tobacco-cutter,  and  egg-beater. 

Townsend  Brothers,  New  York  city ; preseiwea  fruits  and  oysters. 

United  States  Sanitary  Commission;  camp  material.  See,  also.  No.  9. 

Waltmeyer,  Jacob,  Baltimore,  Maryland;  preserved  fruits. 

Ward,  J.,  & Co.,  New  York  city;  clothes  wringer. 

Ward,  J.,  & Co.,  New  York  city;  washing  machines. 

Washington  Mills,  Boston;  shawls.  See,  also,  No.  99. 

Wellman,  C.,  New  York  city;  saddles. 

Werk.  M.,  & Son,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  sparkling  wines. 

Wharton,  Joseph,  Philadelphia;  nickel,  cobalt  and  zinc. 

Willard  & Co.,  New  York  city;  photographic  camera  tubes  and  lenses. 

Williams,  C.  C..  New  York  city;  fruits  preserved  in  syrup. 

Williams  Silk  Manufacturing  Company,  New  York  city;  silk  twist  for  sewing  machines 
Winslo\^  J.  B.,  New  York  city;  wood-moulding  machine. 

Young,  Isaac,  commissioner  for  Kansas,  Leavenworth,  Kansas;  specimens  of  wood. 
Zallee,  J.  C.,  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  clothing. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

List  of  officers  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society  for  1865-6  and  1857-S ii 

Explanation  of  Map  of  the  Palace  and  Park iii-v 

Metric  System— tables  of  weights,  measures  and  money v-viii 

Thermometric  Scales— Centigrade,  Reamur  and  Fahrenheit viii 

Repobt ; 

Contemplated  exhibition  by  the  State 1 

Original  Circular 2 

Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company,  action  of 3 

State  Collection— of  what  it  consisted,  and  general  character 3-6 

The  city  of  Brest,  France— Impressions 6-9 

Brest  to  Pari«— French  railway  system  and  travel 9-12 

Economics— character  of  the  country 12-lT 

State  Collection— its  arrival,  exhibition  and  prizes lT-20 

Percentage  of  prizes  awarded  to  ten  leading  nations 21 

The  Expositions  of  1851,  1853,  1865  and  1862  22,  23 

Exposition  of  1867— organization  and  classification 23-34 

Palace,  description  of  plan  of 35-38 

Park,  description  of  plan  of 38-40 

Museum  of  the  History  of  Labor— classification  of  epochs — 40-46 

Group  1— Fine  arts— prizes  awarded,  etc 46-48 

Group  2 — Musical  Instruments,  Printing,  etc 48 

Group  3 — Furniture,  Glass  Manufacture,  etc 49 

Group  4— Cotton  Manufactures,  Cotton  Culture,  Lace  Manufacture,  Fire-arms,  etc. . . . 49-52 

Group  5 — Ores  of  gold,  silver,  iron,  coal,  etc.— edge-tools,  osier  willow 62-58 

Fibres,  Industrial  Cultures,  Flax  and  Silk 58-65 

Hemp 66 

Wool,  Prussian  exhibition  of— varieties  and  uses  of 65-78 

Angora  goat 78 

Tobacco— Tea,  Sugar,  consumption  of 78,  79 

Group  6 — Common  Arts 80 

Division  of  Steam  Power  among  the  nations 80 

British  claims  to  invention 81-82 

Agricultural  Implements  and  Machinery ..  82-84 

Programme  for  Trials  of  Implements 85 

P rogramme  for  exhibition  of  animals 85 

Plows 85-88 

Seeders 88-90 

Rollers,  Harrows,  etc 90 

Mowers  and  Reapers,  trials  of 90-93 

Hay-tedders  and  Rakes 93,  94 

Farm  Wagons 94,  96 

Root  and  Straw-cutters  and  Feed  Mills 95-97 

Tools — general  remarks 97-99 

Inventions,  American,  character  of 99 

Nail  Machine,  Wickersham’s 99, 100 

Safes 101 


lU 


PAGE. 

Group  7— Food  in  all  stages  of  preparation lOi 

Cereals  and  Mill  Products— Wheat 102- 104 

Indian  Corn,  Prussian  and  Hungarian  exhibition  of— insects  injurious  to— 

Maizena— Oats 104, 105 

Dairy  products— Cheese,  Butter,  etc 105-107 

Wine,  diseases  of— fermentation,  consumption,  etc 107-110 

Malt  Liquors 110,  111 

Group  8— Agricultural  establishments,  Manures,  Farm-steadings,  etc 111-113 

Ajnerican  Cottage 113,  114 

Domestic  Animals— Horses,  Horned  Cattle,  Sheep,  Hogs,  Poultry,  Dogs 114-118 

Group  9— Horticulture 118,  119 

Group  10— American  Primary  School  House 119,  120 

Imperial  Farms 120-124 

Forests,  the  question  of 124-126 

Conclusion— Acknowledgments 126,  127 

Appendix— Catalogue  of  Awards  to  the  United  States, ,128-132 


ILLUSTKATIONS. 

Feontispieoe— Diagram  and  ground-plan  of  Palace  and  Park. 

V . e w of  Pal  ace  and  Park  from  the  Trocadero,  facing  page . . 1 

Corliss  Engine,  “ 80 

Wood’s  Mowing  Machine,  “ 90 

Perry’s  Mowing  Machine,  “ 92 

American  Cottage,  “ 113 

American  Primary  School  House,  “ .119 


ERRATA. 

Page  6,  line  14  from  bottom.  Insert  “Northern”  before  “Continental.” 
Page  13,  line  16  from  top,  for  “ Eastern”  read  “ Western.” 

Page  70,  line  6 from  top,  for  “ 3 ” read  “4.” 

For  “ LaMotte-Beauvron  ” read  “ LaMotte-Beuvron  ” wherever  It  occurs. 


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